Differential modulation of Target of Rapamycin activity under single and combined iron and sulfur deficiency in tomato plants.

Over the past few decades, a close relationship between sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) in terms of functionality and nutrition was demonstrated in the tomato. However, very little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying S/Fe interactions. Recently, the potential role of citrate in plant adaptation to Fe deficiency and combined S and Fe deficiency has been described.

Dynamic association of the plastid localized cysteine synthase complex is vital for efficient cysteine production, photosynthesis, and granal thylakoid formation in transgenic tobacco.

Cysteine biosynthesis is essential for translation and represents the entry point of reduced sulfur into plant metabolism. The two consecutively acting enzymes serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine-thiol-lyase catalyse cysteine production and form the cysteine synthase complex, in which SAT is activated. Here we show that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) expressing active SAT in plastids (referred to as PSA lines) shows substantial cysteine accumulation in plastids.

The plant TOR kinase tunes autophagy and meristem activity for nutrient stress-induced developmental plasticity.

Plants, unlike animals, respond to environmental challenges with comprehensive developmental transitions that allow them to cope with these stresses. Here we discovered that antagonistic activation of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and shoots is essential for the nutrient deprivation-induced increase in the root-to-shoot ratio to improve foraging for mineral ions. We demonstrate that sulfate limitation-induced downregulation of TOR in shoots activates autophagy, resulting in enhanced carbon allocation to the root.

A Low Level of NaCl Stimulates Plant Growth by Improving Carbon and Sulfur Assimilation in .

High-salinity stress represses plant growth by inhibiting various metabolic processes. In contrast to the well-studied mechanisms mediating tolerance to high levels of salt, the effects of low levels of salts have not been well studied. In this study, we examined the growth of plants under different NaCl concentrations.

The Arabidopsis N -acetyltransferase NAA60 locates to the plasma membrane and is vital for the high salt stress response.

In humans and plants, N-terminal acetylation plays a central role in protein homeostasis, affects 80% of proteins in the cytoplasm and is catalyzed by five ribosome-associated N-acetyltransferases (NatA-E). Humans also possess a Golgi-associated NatF (HsNAA60) that is essential for Golgi integrity. Remarkably, NAA60 is absent in fungi and has not been identified in plants.

NAA50 Is an Enzymatically Active -Acetyltransferase That Is Crucial for Development and Regulation of Stress Responses.

N-terminal acetylation (NTA) is a prevalent protein modification in eukaryotes. In plants, the biological function of NTA remains enigmatic. The dominant -acetyltransferase (Nat) in Arabidopsis () is NatA, which cotranslationally catalyzes acetylation of ∼40% of the proteome.

NatB-Mediated N-Terminal Acetylation Affects Growth and Biotic Stress Responses.

N-terminal acetylation (NTA) is one of the most abundant protein modifications in eukaryotes. In humans, NTA is catalyzed by seven N-acetyltransferases (NatA-F and NatH). Remarkably, the plant Nat machinery and its biological relevance remain poorly understood, although NTA has gained recognition as a key regulator of crucial processes such as protein turnover, protein-protein interaction, and protein targeting.

SULTR3s Function in Chloroplast Sulfate Uptake and Affect ABA Biosynthesis and the Stress Response.

Plants are major sulfur reducers in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfate, the major natural sulfur source in soil, is absorbed by plant roots and transported into plastids, where it is reduced and assimilated into Cys for further metabolic processes. Despite its importance, how sulfate is transported into plastids is poorly understood.

Sulfate is Incorporated into Cysteine to Trigger ABA Production and Stomatal Closure.

Plants close stomata when root water availability becomes limiting. Recent studies have demonstrated that soil-drying induces root-to-shoot sulfate transport via the xylem and that sulfate closes stomata. Here we provide evidence for a physiologically relevant signaling pathway that underlies sulfate-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis ().

Sulfur Partitioning between Glutathione and Protein Synthesis Determines Plant Growth.

Photoautotrophic organisms must efficiently allocate their resources between stress-response pathways and growth-promoting pathways to be successful in a constantly changing environment. In this study, we addressed the coordination of sulfur flux between the biosynthesis of the reactive oxygen species scavenger glutathione (GSH) and protein translation as one example of a central resource allocation switch. We crossed the Arabidopsis () GSH synthesis-depleted cadmium-sensitive mutant, which lacks glutamate cysteine (Cys) ligase, into the sulfite reductase mutant, which suffers from a significantly decreased flux of sulfur into Cys and, consequently, is retarded in growth.

Drought stress in maize causes differential acclimation responses of glutathione and sulfur metabolism in leaves and roots.

Background: Drought is the most important environmental stress that limits crop yield in a global warming world. Despite the compelling evidence of an important role of oxidized and reduced sulfur-containing compounds during the response of plants to drought stress (e.g.

MSL1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential and maintains redox homeostasis in mitochondria during abiotic stress.

Mitochondria must maintain tight control over the electrochemical gradient across their inner membrane to allow ATP synthesis while maintaining a redox-balanced electron transport chain and avoiding excessive reactive oxygen species production. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the ion transporters in the inner mitochondrial membrane that contribute to control of membrane potential. We show that loss of MSL1, a member of a family of mechanosensitive ion channels related to the bacterial channel MscS, leads to increased membrane potential of Arabidopsis mitochondria under specific bioenergetic states.

System analysis of metabolism and the transcriptome in Arabidopsis thaliana roots reveals differential co-regulation upon iron, sulfur and potassium deficiency.

Deprivation of mineral nutrients causes significant retardation of plant growth. This retardation is associated with nutrient-specific and general stress-induced transcriptional responses. In this study, we adjusted the external supply of iron, potassium and sulfur to cause the same retardation of shoot growth.

MTHFD1 controls DNA methylation in Arabidopsis.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that has important functions in transcriptional silencing and is associated with repressive histone methylation (H3K9me). To further investigate silencing mechanisms, we screened a mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana population for expression of SDCpro-GFP, redundantly controlled by DNA methyltransferases DRM2 and CMT3. Here, we identify the hypomorphic mutant mthfd1-1, carrying a mutation (R175Q) in the cytoplasmic bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (MTHFD1).

Diversity and regulation of ATP sulfurylase in photosynthetic organisms.

ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the sulfate assimilation pathway, the activation of sulfate prior to its reduction. ATPS has been studied in only a few model organisms and even in these cases to a much smaller extent than the sulfate reduction and cysteine synthesis enzymes. This is possibly because the latter were considered of greater regulatory importance for sulfate assimilation.

SULTR3;1 is a chloroplast-localized sulfate transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plants play a prominent role as sulfur reducers in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfate, the major form of inorganic sulfur utilized by plants, is absorbed and transported by specific sulfate transporters into plastids, especially chloroplasts, where it is reduced and assimilated into cysteine before entering other metabolic processes. How sulfate is transported into the chloroplast, however, remains unresolved; no plastid-localized sulfate transporters have been previously identified in higher plants.

Transcriptome profiling of genes differentially modulated by sulfur and chromium identifies potential targets for phytoremediation and reveals a complex S-Cr interplay on sulfate transport regulation in B. juncea.

A differential display cDNA-AFLP derived technique was used to identify gene transcripts regulated by chromium (Cr) in relation to sulfur (S) nutrition in Brassica juncea. Twelve-day old plants were grown with 200 μM sulfate (+S), without sulfate (-S), with 200 μM sulfate plus 200 μM chromate (+S+Cr), or without sulfate plus 200 μM chromate (-S+Cr). Forty-four combinations of degenerate primers were assayed, which allowed the detection of 346 Transcript-Derived Fragments (TDFs) differentially regulated by Cr and S at times 0, 10 min, 1 h, 24 h.

Targeted systems biology profiling of tomato fruit reveals coordination of the Yang cycle and a distinct regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during postclimacteric ripening.

The concept of system 1 and system 2 ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening was initially described four decades ago. Although much is known about fruit development and climacteric ripening, little information is available about how ethylene biosynthesis is regulated during the postclimacteric phase. A targeted systems biology approach revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of ethylene biosynthesis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) when fruit have reached their maximal ethylene production level and which is characterized by a decline in ethylene biosynthesis.

Overexpression of serine acetlytransferase produced large increases in O-acetylserine and free cysteine in developing seeds of a grain legume.

There have been many attempts to increase concentrations of the nutritionally essential sulphur amino acids by modifying their biosynthetic pathway in leaves of transgenic plants. This report describes the first modification of cysteine biosynthesis in developing seeds; those of the grain legume, narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius, L.).

A mechanistic model of the cysteine synthase complex.

Plants and bacteria assimilate and incorporate inorganic sulfur into organic compounds such as the amino acid cysteine. Cysteine biosynthesis involves a bienzyme complex, the cysteine synthase (CS) complex. The CS complex is composed of the enzymes serine acetyl transferase (SAT) and O-acetyl-serine-(thiol)-lyase (OAS-TL).

Sulfur and primary production in aquatic environments: an ecological perspective.

Sulfur is one of the critical elements in living matter, as it participates in several structural, metabolic and catalytic activities. Photosynthesis is an important process that entails the use of sulfur during both the light and carbon reactions. Nearly half of global photosynthetic carbon fixation is carried out by phytoplankton in the aquatic environment.

Sulfur and phytoplankton: acquisition, metabolism and impact on the environment.

Sulfur emission from marine phytoplankton has been recognized as an important factor for global climate and as an entry into the biogeochemical S cycle. Despite this significance, little is known about the cellular S metabolism in algae that forms the basis of this emission. Some biochemical and genetic evidence for regulation of S uptake and assimilation is available for the freshwater model alga Chlamydomonas.

Characterization and expression analysis of a serine acetyltransferase gene family involved in a key step of the sulfur assimilation pathway in Arabidopsis.

Ser acetyltransferase (SATase; EC 2.3.1.