Authoritative subspecies diagnosis tool for European honey bees based on ancestry informative SNPs.

Background: With numerous endemic subspecies representing four of its five evolutionary lineages, Europe holds a large fraction of Apis mellifera genetic diversity. This diversity and the natural distribution range have been altered by anthropogenic factors. The conservation of this natural heritage relies on the availability of accurate tools for subspecies diagnosis.

A citizen science supported study on seasonal diversity and monoflorality of pollen collected by honey bees in Austria.

Austrian beekeepers participated in the "C.S.I.

Health status of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) and disease-related risk factors for colony losses in Austria.

Austrian beekeepers frequently suffered severe colony losses during the last decade similar to trends all over Europe. This first surveillance study aimed to describe the health status of Austrian bee colonies and to analyze the reasons for losses for both the summer and winter season in Austria. In this study 189 apiaries all over Austria were selected using a stratified random sampling approach and inspected three times between July 2015 and spring 2016 by trained bee inspectors.

Phenotypic and genotypic diversity among strains of Aureobasidium pullulans in comparison with related species.

Intra-specific diversity of 200 Aureobasidium pullulans strains isolated from different sources and their relatives Kabatiella lini CBS 125.21 T and Hormonema prunorum CBS 933.72 T were studied by assessment of macromorphological, and physiological tests, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) of whole-cell proteins as well as enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-, repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)- and BOX-PCR techniques (collectively known as rep-PCR).

Genetic diversity among isolates of Paenibacillus larvae from Austria.

Genetic diversity of 214 Paenibacillus larvae strains from Austria was studied. Genotyping of isolates was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers corresponding to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC), BOX repetitive and extragenic palindromic (REP) elements (collectively known as rep-PCR) using ERIC primers, BOX A1R and MBO REP1 primers. Using ERIC-PCR technique two genotypes could be differentiated (ERIC I and II), whereas using combined typing by BOX- and REP-PCR, five different genotypes were detected (ab, aB, Ab, AB and alphab).