Multigenerational exposure of Ag materials (nano and salt) in soil - environmental hazards in (Oligochaeta).

Because of its properties, silver is among the most used metals both as salt and as nanomaterials (NMs), hence reaching the environment. Multigenerational (MG) exposure testing is scarce, and especially so for NMs and soil invertebrates. In this study the MG effects of Ag NMs (Ag NM300K) and Ag salt (AgNO) were assessed, using in LUFA 2.

Microarthropod communities act as functional mediators of ecosystem recovery in abandoned metal(loid) mine tailings in semiarid areas.

Abandoned metal(loid) mine tailings show inhospitable conditions for the establishment of above- and below-ground communities (e.g., high metal(loid) levels, organic matter and nutrient deficiency).

Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of Ag nanomaterials (NM300K) in the soil environment-impact on Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta).

Silver (Ag) is one of the most used elements in the nanomaterials (NMs) form, which upon release to the environment can be harmful to organisms. We compared the toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of Ag from AgNO (0, 15, 45, 135, 405 mg Ag/kg soil) and AgNM300K (0, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 mg Ag/kg soil) in the model organism Enchytraeus crypticus. Organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.

Toxicokinetics of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles in Chironomus riparius under different exposure routes.

Engineered nanoparticles released into surface water may accumulate in sediments, potentially threatening benthic organisms. This study determined the toxicokinetics in Chironomus riparius of Ag from pristine silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), a simulating aged Ag NP form (AgS NPs), and AgNO as an ionic control. Chironomid larvae were exposed to these Ag forms through water, sediment, or food.

Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of chromium in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta).

Chromium emissions led to increased concentrations in soil, where it can affect soil organisms to relevant levels. With the aim of better understanding the effects of Cr throughout time, its toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics (TKTD) were evaluated in the soil model organism Enchytraeus crypticus to assess the development of internal concentrations and consequent toxic effects. To achieve this goal, organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.

Effects of sulfidation of silver nanoparticles on the Ag uptake kinetics in Brassica rapa plants.

Land application of sewage sludge containing increasing levels of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) raises concerns about the risk for plant exposure. This study compared the uptake kinetics and distribution of Ag in Brassica rapa seedlings grown in Lufa 2.2 natural soil spiked with 20 nm AgS NPs, with those from 3 to 8 nm AgNPs, 50 nm AgNPs and AgNO exposures (10 mg Ag/kg dry soil).

Field mixtures of currently used pesticides in agricultural soil pose a risk to soil invertebrates.

Massive use of pesticides in conventional agriculture leads to accumulation in soil of complex mixtures, triggering questions about their potential ecotoxicological risk. This study assessed cropland soils containing pesticide mixtures sampled from conventional and organic farming systems at La Cage and Mons, France. The conventional agricultural field soils contained more pesticide residues (11 and 17 versus 3 and 11, respectively) and at higher concentrations than soils from organic fields (mean 6.

Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of copper and cadmium in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics (TKTD) of Cu and Cd in the soil model organism Enchytraeus crypticus, and assess the development of internal effect concentrations over time. Animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil spiked with increasing concentrations of Cu and Cd.

Toxicokinetics of Chromium in (Oligochaeta).

Chromium is naturally occurring, but emission from anthropogenic sources can lead to increased soil concentrations. Information on its toxicokinetics is essential in order to understand the time needed to reach toxicity and the mechanisms of uptake/elimination. In this study the toxicokinetics of Cr(III) was evaluated using the soil standard species .

Bioaccumulation but no biomagnification of silver sulfide nanoparticles in freshwater snails and planarians.

Bioaccumulation studies are critical in regulatory decision making on the potential environmental risks of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). The present study evaluated the toxicokinetics of silver, taken up from sulfide nanoparticles (AgS NPs; simulating an aged Ag NP form) and AgNO (ionic counterpart), in the pulmonate snail Physa acuta and the planarian Girardia tigrina. The snails were first exposed for 7 days to Ag-spiked water, along with the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata upon which they fed setting up a double route exposure, and subsequently provided as pre-exposed food to the planarians.

Dose-dependent effects of lead and cadmium and the influence of soil properties on their uptake by Helix aspersa: an ecotoxicity test approach.

Three soil types with different physicochemical properties were selected to evaluate their effect on lead and cadmium bioavailability and toxicity in the land snail Helix aspersa. In 28-day ecotoxicity tests, H. aspersa juveniles were exposed to increasing concentrations of Pb or Cd.

Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsima candida and Eisenia andrei.

We compared the toxicity of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin in terms of the survival and reproduction of 2 species of soil invertebrates, Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei. Tests were performed using LUFA 2.2 natural soil, following standard protocols aimed at answering 2 questions: 1) Is there a difference in the toxicity between pure compound and its formulation? and 2) Is there a difference in the sensitivity of the species exposed to the same compound? For E.

Effect of soil properties on Pb bioavailability and toxicity to the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus.

The present study investigated the bioavailability and toxicity of lead to the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus in six soils with different properties. Pb partitioning between the soil solution and solid phase was affected by soil organic matter (OM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water holding capacity (WHC). After 21 d exposure, Pb bioaccumulation in the enchytraeids was positively correlated with total soil Pb concentration.

Assessing the toxicity of thiamethoxam, in natural LUFA 2.2 soil, through three generations of Folsomia candida.

In the field, long-term exposure is a rule rather than an exception. As a consequence, the relatively short-term standard toxicity tests may not be adequate for assessing long-term effects of pesticide exposure. This study determined the toxicity of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, both pure and in the formulation Actara® (25% active substance), to the springtail Folsomia candida, over three generations (P, F1 and F2).

Lanthanum toxicity to five different species of soil invertebrates in relation to availability in soil.

This study determined the toxicity of lanthanum, one of the most commonly used rare earth elements (REEs), to five representative soil invertebrates after 3-4 weeks exposure. Toxicity was related to total, 0.01 M CaCl-extractable and porewater concentrations in the standard LUFA 2.

Comparative toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to different species of soil invertebrates.

Neonicotinoid insecticides have come under increasing scrutiny for their impact on non-target organisms, especially pollinators. The current scientific literature is mainly focused on the impact of these insecticides on pollinators and some aquatic insects, leaving a knowledge gap concerning soil invertebrates. This study aimed at filling this gap, by determining the toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to five species of soil invertebrates: earthworms (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus), Collembola (Folsomia candida), oribatid mites (Oppia nitens) and isopods (Porcellio scaber).

Multigeneration toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to Folsomia candida.

In a recent study, we showed that the springtail Folsomia candida was quite sensitive the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiacloprid. This study aimed at determining the toxicity of both compounds to F. candida following exposure over three generations, in natural LUFA 2.

Toxicokinetics and time-variable toxicity of cadmium in Oppia nitens Koch (Acari: Oribatida).

The soil-living mite Oppia nitens Koch has recently been proposed as a promising test species for the ecotoxicological risk assessment of contaminated boreal soils. Adding oribatid mites to the assemblage of test species for soil is highly desirable given the enormous diversity and ecological significance of these microarthropods. The authors aimed at revealing how toxicity, lethal body concentration, and bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) changed over a period of 7 wk when mites were exposed to Cd-spiked natural soils.

Comparative ecotoxicity of chlorantraniliprole to non-target soil invertebrates.

The insecticide chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is gaining importance in agricultural practice, but data on its possible negative effects on non-target organisms is severely deficient. This study therefore determined CAP toxicity to non-target soil invertebrates playing a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, including springtails (Folsomia candida), isopods (Porcellio scaber), enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus) and oribatid mites (Oppia nitens). In sublethal toxicity tests in Lufa 2.

Toxicity of Pb contaminated soils to the oribatid mite Platynothrus peltifer.

To understand the toxicity of Pb-polluted shooting fields, oribatid mites Platynothrus peltifer were exposed to shooting field soils containing 47-2398 mg Pb/kg dry weight (DW) and having pH(CaCl2) 3.2-6.8 and 3.

Effects of climate change on the toxicity of soils polluted by metal mine wastes to Enchytraeus crypticus.

The present study aimed to assess the effects of climate change on the toxicity of metal-polluted soils. Bioassays with Enchytraeus crypticus were performed in soils polluted by mine wastes (mine tailing, forest, and watercourse) and under different combinations of temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and soil moisture content (50% and 30% of the soil water-holding capacity). Survival and reproduction were set as endpoints.

Assessment of the bioavailability and toxicity of lead polluted soils using a combination of chemical approaches and bioassays with the collembolan Folsomia candida.

Understanding bioavailability and toxicity is essential for effective ecological assessment of contaminated soils. Total, water and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable and porewater Pb concentrations and soil properties in different shooting field soils were investigated.

Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods.

This study aimed at assessing the bioavailability and toxicity of lead to Eisenia andrei in shooting range soils representing different land uses (forest, grassland, bullet plot). Soils contained 47-2398 mg Pb/kg dry weight (dw), but also had different pH-CaCl2 (3.2-6.

The influence of calcium and pH on the uptake and toxicity of copper in Folsomia candida exposed to simplified soil solutions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of Ca and pH on the uptake and effects of Cu in Folsomia candida (Collembola). Assuming that soil pore water is the main route of exposure, F. candida were exposed for seven days to Cu in simplified soil solutions at different Ca concentrations and different pH levels.

Persistence of chironomids in metal polluted andean high altitude streams: does melanin play a role?

In high altitude Andean streams an intense solar radiation and coinciding metal pollution allow the persistence of only a few specialized taxa, including chironomids. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine the mechanisms underlying the persistence of chironomids under these multiple stress conditions, hypothesizing that melanin counteracts both the adverse effects of solar radiation and of metals. Melanin was determined in chironomids from reference and metal polluted streams at 3000 and 4000 m altitude, being 2-fold higher at 4000 m compared to 3000 m, and 2-fold higher in polluted streams than in reference streams at both altitudes.