[Natural 1st and 2d degree conditioned food reflexes in the dog in relation to space orientation].

In three dogs formation and performance of spatial alimentary natural conditioned responses of the second order was studied when the dog had to find food preliminarily shown to it in one of the four food-distributors (psychonervous activity directed by a food image in terms proposed by I. S. Beritashvili).

On the mechanisms of the formation of backward connections.

In a study carried out on dogs by Pavlov's methods of classical and instrumental alimentary conditioning the influence of the duration of intervals between paired stimuli has been shown on the manifestation of backward connections: the shorter the interval the more distinct their manifestation. The percentage of Backward connections was much higher after multiple reinforcements than after a single one. The effects of interval duration as well as of repeated presentation of paired stimuli on backward connections show that these factors are of considerable importance for their formation.

[Effect of repeated immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine on the formation of specific and nonspecific immunity factors].

A group of young people, totaling 1160 persons, was immunized annually with influenza inactivated chromatographic divaccine prepared from influenza viruses A (H1N1 +/- H3N2) for 3 years. Only in persons immunized once or twice direct correlation between the number of immunizations and their immunological effectiveness was observed. Repeated immunization produced no stimulating effect on the level of systemic humoral and secretory immunity.

[Comparative evaluation of the reactogenicity and antigenic activity of Soviet inactivated influenza vaccines].

The reactogenicity and antigenic potency of existing inactivated influenza vaccines were tested on 750 practically healthy adults. In all the preparations under test the levels of reactogenicity were found to correspond to the Technical Specifications TY--KBC, but the subunit type vaccine, "Gripovac", proved to possess the lowest reactogenicity and was, therefore, recommended for further trials in young children. Taking into account the characteristics of antigenic potency, the work gives grounds for the necessity of increasing the content of hemagglutinin in the vaccine prepared by the centrifugal method and for the practical use of the same volumetric dose (0.

Complex form of instrumental behavior of dogs.

A complex form of higher nervous activity, conditional reflex transswitching or switching, was elaborated in four dogs under conditions of unrestrained movements, freedom of reinforcement choice (food or water), place of reinforcement determined by situation factors as well as independent switching on of conditional stimuli. It was shown that motivated goal-directed behavior of the animals was determined by activation of forward and backward connections. The chains of instrumental conditioned reflexes forming in the final analysis the complex behavior are developed according to the "trial-and-error" principle.

Simultaneous application of influenza chemovaccine and "Vaxigrip" preparations with BCG.

Experiments in guinea pigs and rabbits have shown that simultaneous immunization against influenza and tuberculosis had no effect on the reactogenic properties of both vaccines. No inhibitory effect of the BCG vaccine on the influenza virus antibody production was observed. Production of antituberculosis antibodies was the most intensive following a simultaneous immunization of animals with BCG and inactivated influenza vaccines.

Search for optimal scheme for administering live allantoic influenza vaccine.

The effect of vaccine dilution and composition on indices of vaccination activity was studied in a live allantoic influenza vaccine administered intranasally to adults. The vaccine was shown to be usable in a 1:1 (instead of 1:5) dilution without risk of its reactogenicity rising. An inhibition of component A(H3N2) was observed in a bivalent vaccine obtained by combining directly before use two monovalent vaccines, A(H1N1) and A(H3N2).

[Complex form of instrumental behavior in the dog].

A complex form of higher nervous activity, conditioned switching over, was elaborated in four dogs freely moving in an experimental room, under conditions of choice of kind (food or water) and place of reinforcement, determined by situational factors, as well as of independent switching on of conditioned stimuli. The formation of such behaviour was attended with neurotic disturbances of higher nervous activity, which disappeared after a break in the work and the animals' rest. It was shown that motivational goal-directed behaviour of the animals is due to activation of direct and backward conditioned connections.

Variations among species and cell types in the effects of caffeine on mutagen-induced cytotoxicity and postreplication repair of DNA.

The influence of caffeine on cytotoxicity and postreplication repair of DNA was examined following exposure of several cell types to physical and chemical agents known to damage DNA. The cell types used in this study were normal human fibroblasts (HS-WP), human xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts (SGL), Chinese hamster V79 cells, mouse BALB/c-3T3 cells, and secondary Syrian hamster embryo cells. The DNA damaging agents were ultraviolet light (UV), N-2-acetoxy-fluorenylacetamide (AFAA), nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG).

[Cross protection in mice immunized with different anti-influenza preparations].

Observations in white mice demonstrated the development of resistance to influenza type A virus (H3N2 and H0N1) after vaccination against influenza A (H1N1). The most marked cross protection between these serotypes developed after combined use of inactivated and live moderately attenuated vaccines. The resistance to the homologous influenza A (H1N1) virus after vaccination with different influenza vaccines used by various schedules was approximately similar.

[Interaction of instrumental habits in the sphere of heterogeneous conditioned reflex activity].

The phenomenon of interference of one reflex with another was observed in dogs during performance of heterogeneous instrumental conditioned reflexes elicited in a stereotype order. When alimentary conditioned reflexes involving the right-leg movement, were elaborated before the defensive ones involving the left fore-leg movement, then manifestation of the second reflex was preceded by a movement with the right leg. When the elaboration of conditioned reflexes started with defensive reflexes, the opposite was observed: before performing the alimentary reflex, the dogs lifted first the left fore-leg connected with the defensive reflex, and then the right one.

[Dynamics of formation of water and food instrumental conditioned reflexes in freely moving dogs].

The dynamics of food and water conditioning was studied in freely moving dogs choosing the reinforcement. The dog's behaviour at any given moment was determined by the correlations of the excitability of the structures of the corresponding vital unconditioned reflexes. A directed change in the excitability of the structures of the unconditioned (alimentary and water) reflexes by raising or lowering the animal's excitability (hunger, satiation, thirst) resulted in a change of the animal's behaviour and its motivation.

Enhancement of protection against influenza by complex prophylactic schemes.

A hundred percent protection against influenza was obtained by means of joined application of two antiinfluenza vaccines [inactivated and live ones]. At the same time complete mobilization of various specific mechanisms of protection against influenza [humoral, cellular and local] was observed. This mode of vaccination was designated for protection against influenza of persons exposed, in the course of influenza epidemics, to enhanced possibility of getting infected [medical personnel, teachers, employees of public transport, shop assistants and others].

Subunit influenza vaccine and its testing in clinical immunology.

Subunit adsorbed chemical influenza vaccine [ACI] was tested in subcutaneous administration by the needleless and syringe methods. A weak reactogenicity and a high immunogenic activity of the ACI vaccine was demonstrated after a single administration by the needleless and syringe methods [73.0---75.

[Effect of axoplasmic flow elimination and denervation on the contents of protein, nucleic acids and glycogen in rat muscle].

Disturbance of the axoplasmic flow was evoked by ligation of the sciatic nerve with a silk thread moistened with 0.05 solution of colchicine (exposition for 30 s). No intoxication was observed in the animals, the motor function of the operated extremety was preserved.

[Conditioned reflex switching over in unrestrained dogs].

Conditioned switching-over was studied in unrestrained animals by means of instrumental alimentary conditioned reflexes of pressing the pedal. A complex of auditory and spatial factors (start-ground) served as conditioned alimentary signal. Backward connections were stable and were manifested in the teturning of the animal to the start-ground after feeding.