Assessment of choroidal perfusion indices in thyroid eye disease by using optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To study choroidal vascularity changes in active and inactive TED orbits by using high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) and correlate the changes with the duration and severity of TED and Barrets' index.

Methods: A cross-sectional study wherein 37 TED orbits and 30 healthy control (HC) orbits were enrolled. Choroid was imaged using HD-OCT scans centered at the fovea, and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured.

Magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric ocular and orbital lesions: A pictorial review.

Paediatric orbital lesions encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant entities that can arise from different components of the orbit. Clinical symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, and imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management. Ultrasonography has a limited role and radiation is a major concern with CT especially in the paediatric population.

Association of primary chronic dacryocystitis and meibomian gland dysfunction.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and primary chronic dacryocystitis (PCD) and the effect of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) on tear film stability and MGD.

Methods: This prospective, interventional, non-randomized study involved 50 unilateral acquired PCD cases and 50 age-matched healthy controls. Patients with lid abnormalities, ocular trauma, previous ocular surgery, contact lens wearers, and chronic topical or systemic drug users were excluded from the study.

Outcome of combined single-loop fixation of intraocular lens with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation.

A late adolescent girl presented with medically uncontrolled glaucoma and aphakia post-fire-cracker injury to the right eye. She underwent single-loop fixation of the posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) and Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation with reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the immediate postoperative period. She sustained second trauma 6 days later resulting in tube retraction and an IOP of 38 mm Hg.

Alterations in retrobulbar haemodynamics in thyroid eye disease.

Purpose: To study the orbital perfusion parameters of ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery (CRA) in inactive TED and the changes following surgical decompression.

Methods: Non-randomised clinical trial. 24 inactive moderate-to-severe TED orbits of 24 euthyroid cases underwent surgical decompression and examined again at 3 months.

Topical cyclosporine A and interferon alpha-2b as adjuvants to surgery to decrease pterygium recurrence.

Background: Pterygium is very common in India and is usually removed by limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation (LCAT), which, despite being the first-line therapy, is still associated with recurrences of up to 18%.

Objectives: To compare the safety and efficacy of topical cyclosporine A (CsA) and interferon (IFN) alpha-2b in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of pterygium.

Methods: A total of 40 patients with primary pterygium were randomized into two equal groups, Group C and Group I.

COVID-Associated Sinonasal Mucormycosis: Radiological Pathological Correlation and Prognostic Value of MR Imaging.

 Our aim was to assess the sinonasal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) in coronavirus disease (COVID)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) and to correlate these with histopathology and patient outcome in terms of duration of hospital stay and survival at 10 weeks.  Twenty patients with histopathologically confirmed sinonasal CAM underwent MRI (including postcontrast T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging). Histopathological findings (presence of coagulative necrosis, granulomatous reaction, and fungal burden) were recorded and all patients were followed up at 6 and 10 weeks.

From video summarization to real time video summarization in smart cities and beyond: A survey.

With the massive expansion of videos on the internet, searching through millions of them has become quite challenging. Smartphones, recording devices, and file sharing are all examples of ways to capture massive amounts of real time video. In smart cities, there are many surveillance cameras, which has created a massive volume of video data whose indexing, retrieval, and administration is a difficult problem.

Orbital and ocular perfusion in thyroid eye disease.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is characterized by enlargement of extraocular muscles, an increase in retrobulbar fat, orbital fibrosis, and fluctuations in plasma thyroid hormone levels in most patients, often associated with raised autoantibody titers. The occurrence of orbital space conflict compromises the orbital perfusion, unchecked progression of which results in irreversible loss of visual acuity and visual fields. The quantitative assessment of orbital perfusion can be done by measurement of blood flow velocities in the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and posterior ciliary artery by color Doppler imaging.

Correction of pre-existing astigmatism by on-axis incision size modulation in manual small-incision cataract surgery.

Purpose: To study the effect of wound size modulation on pre-existing astigmatism by on-axis placement of incision in manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS).

Methods: In this prospective interventional study conducted at a tertiary care centre, 40 eyes of 40 consecutive senile cataract patients with 1.00-3.

Complications of manual small-incision cataract surgery.

The manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) is instrumental in tackling cataract-induced blindness in developing countries, especially with a sizeable proportion being hard brunescent cataracts. MSICS has a unique set of complications related to wound construction, the creation of the capsular opening, and the technique of nuclear delivery. A poorly constructed sclero-corneal tunnel or a small capsulorhexis hampers the nuclear extraction, and the extensive intracameral maneuvers increase the chances of postoperative corneal edema and iritis.

Factors affecting surgically induced astigmatism in manual small-incision cataract surgery.

Cataract is the most common cause of avoidable blindness in the world. While cataract surgery is continually evolving, manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) still remains highly relevant, especially with the threat of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still looming large over the world. MSICS today has a renewed significance, since it does not involve the use of any advanced machinery and relies mainly on easily sterilizable instruments, thereby making it a safe and inexpensive option.

Unusual Tumours Hidden in Blind Eyes.

Introduction: This case report describes 3 cases of unsuspected neoplasms in previously blind eyes, with recent onset pain. Cases and observations: Case 1: Female with pain, redness in the non-seeing right eye (R/E) for two months. R/E had total cataract, low intraocular pressure and a well-defined globular mass lesion at the posterior pole, seen on ultrasound.

Diet, Fluid Intake, Urine Output and Urinary Sodium/Potassium Ratios in Children With Urolithiasis.

We performed a cross-sectional study on 25 children (17 boys) with urolithiasis with normal glomerular functions at a tertiary care teaching hospital between March, 2018 to March, 2019. Dietary assessment showed that caloric intake was below recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in 68% patients while the median protein intake was 34.3% more.

Outcome of transcanalicular laser dacryocystorhinostomy with endonasal augmentation in acute versus post-acute dacryocystitis.

Objective: To study the outcomes of transcanalicular laser dacryocystorhinostomy (TCL-DCR) with endonasal augmentation in acute versus post-acute dacryocystitis and compare it with external DCR in post-acute settings.

Methods: A prospective, randomised study was conducted in 90 adult cases of Acute dacryocystitis. All the patients were started on systemic antibiotics and a 4 mm × 4 mm osteotomy was created using TCL-DCR.

MR imaging spectrum in COVID associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral mucormycosis with special emphasis on intracranial disease and impact on patient prognosis.

In the wake of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a new epidemic of COVID associated mucormycosis (CAM) emerged in India. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of this deadly disease are of paramount importance in improving patient survival. MRI is the cornerstone of diagnosis of early extrasinus disease, particularly intracranial complications which have traditionally been associated with a high mortality rate.

Ocular sequelae in severe COVID-19 recovered patients of second wave.

Purpose: To evaluate the retinal microvascular changes in patients, recovered from severe COVID-19 during the second wave of the pandemic in North India.

Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, 70 eyes of 35 patients who recovered from severe COVID-19 during the second wave underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation 4-6 weeks after discharge. Twelve controls were also enrolled, and the difference in the findings between the case and control groups on optical coherence tomography (OCTA) were studied.

Sensitivity of liquid-based cytology in the diagnosis of mucormycosis in COVID-19 treated patients.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with a wide range of disease patterns, ranging from mild to life-threatening pneumonia. COVID-19 can be associated with a suppressed immune response and/or hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine storm. Reduced immunity, combined with steroid usage to prevent cytokine storm along with various pre-existing co morbidities can prove to be a fertile ground for various secondary bacterial and fungal infection, including mucormycosis.

A challenging journey of maxillofacial implants placement and rehabilitation in an irradiated exenterated socket.

Rehabilitation of a post-exenterated orbital defect is a necessity, to restore a patient's esthetic appearance and help overcome the associated psychosocial stigma. An implant supported prosthesis enjoys a better patient acceptance due to its superior retention and stability. This clinical report highlights the challenges faced in planning, designing and placement of maxillofacial implants in the supra-orbital rim of an exenterated socket post-radiotherapy along with the management of the unexpected complications which developed subsequently.