Chemokines: A key driver for inflammation in protozoan infection.

Chemokines belong to the group of small proteins within the cytokine family having strong chemo-attractant properties. In most cases, the strong immuno-modulatory role of chemokines is crucial for generating the immune response against pathogens in various protozoan diseases. In this review, we have given a brief update on the classification, characterization, homeostasis, transcellular migration, and immuno-modulatory role of chemokines.

Administration of L-citrulline prevents growth by inhibiting/ modulating T-regulatory cells during malaria pathogenesis.

Background & Objectives: Malaria affects around 228 million people all over the globe. Malaria causing parasite Plasmodium infection leads to activation of immune responses. The growth of parasite and immune activation requires semi essential amino acids like L-arginine.

IL-10 Producing Regulatory B Cells Mediated Protection against Murine Malaria Pathogenesis.

Various immune cells are known to participate in combating infection. Regulatory B cells represent a subset of B cells that take part in immunomodulation and control inflammation. The immunoregulatory function of regulatory B cells has been shown in various murine models of several disorders.

CD4ICOSFoxp3: a sub-population of regulatory T cells contribute to malaria pathogenesis.

Background: Regulatory T cells are known to play a key role to counter balance the protective immune response and immune mediated pathology. However, the role of naturally occurring regulatory cells CD4CD25Foxp3 in malaria infection during the disease pathogenesis is controversial. Beside this, ICOS molecule has been shown to be involved in the development and function of regulatory T cell enhance IL-10 production.

Mesenchymal stem cells protect against malaria pathogenesis by reprogramming erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.

Malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide. The immune mechanisms that mediate protection against malaria are still unclear. Previously, we reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a critical role in host protection against malaria by altering the dynamic balance of T regulatory cells and effector T cells producing inflammatory cytokines.

Effect of L-arginine on the growth of and immune modulation of host cells.

Background & Objectives: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. The life-cycle of Plasmodium species involves several stages both in mosquito and the vertebrate host. In the erythrocytic stage, Plasmodium resides inside the red blood cells (RBCs), where it meets most of its nutritional requirement by degrad- ing host's haemoglobin.