The impact of multimorbidity among adults with cardiovascular diseases on healthcare costs in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Indonesia, accounting for 38% of the total mortality in 2019. Moreover, healthcare spending on CVDs has been at the top of the spending under the National Health Insurance (NHI) implementation. This study analyzed the association between the presence of CVDs with or without other chronic disease comorbidities and healthcare costs among adults (> 30 years old) and if the association differed between NHI members in the subsidized group (poorer) and non-subsidized households group (better-off) in Indonesia.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare utilization among older adults with cardiovascular diseases and multimorbidity in Indonesia: an interrupted time-series analysis.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare utilization globally, but little is known about the effects among patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other multimorbidities. This study analyzed the impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare utilization for patients aged 30 years and older with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with or without other chronic disease comorbidities in Indonesia.

Methods: We designed a retrospective cohort study based on the Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) sample data from 2016-2020.

Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Complications in Indonesia.

Objectives: To estimate the direct medical cost of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications in the Indonesian population from a payer perspective using a prevalence-based approach.

Methods: The direct medical costs in 2016 were estimated using the database of Indonesia's National Health Insurance, known as Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, which included diagnosis-related group costs and unbundled costs for patients accessing advanced care. The study population included people aged 30 years or older having a diagnosis of T2DM.

The sensitivity of hospital coding to prices: evidence from Indonesia.

This study examines a newly introduced DRG system in Indonesia. We use secondary data for 2015 and 2017 from Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), a patient level dataset for Indonesia created in 2014 to record public and private hospitals' claims to the national health insurance system to investigate whether there is an association between changes in tariffs paid and the severity of inpatient activity recorded in hospitals. We find a consistent small, positive and statistically significant correlation between changes in tariffs and changes in concentration of activity, indicating discretionary but limited coding behaviour by hospitals.

National Health Insurance Databases in Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines.

Background: Social health insurance administrative databases were established in Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines in 2014, 2017 and 2012, respectively; however, these databases have been scarcely used for research, if at all. This study explored the feasibility and accessibility of using these databases for scientific research, highlighting challenges and barriers in their use.

Methodology: The databases included in this evaluation comprised the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) from Indonesia, Vietnam Health Insurance Scheme (VHIS) from Vietnam and PhilHealth from the Philippines.

The moderating effect of income on the relationship between body mass index and health-related quality of life in Northern Sweden.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and whether this relationship is influenced by the level of income in Northern Sweden. Overweight and obesity are rising major public health problems which also affect HRQoL. While socioeconomic inequalities in health are persisting or increasing in many countries, including Sweden, little attention has been paid to the more complex roles of income in relation to health.