Diseases of marine fish and shellfish in an age of rapid climate change.

A recurring trend in evidence scrutinized over the past few decades is that disease outbreaks will become more frequent, intense, and widespread on land and in water, due to climate change. Pathogens and the diseases they inflict represent a major constraint on seafood production and yield, and by extension, food security. The risk(s) for fish and shellfish from disease is a function of pathogen characteristics, biological species identity, and the ambient environmental conditions.

Coronary Artery Outcomes in Kawasaki Disease by Treatment Day Within 10 Days of Fever Onset.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness of childhood that can lead to coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) and myocardial infarction. Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces the prevalence of CAA when given to patients with KD within 10 days of fever onset. Children with KD may undergo evaluation for other diagnoses before treatment, particularly those with incomplete KD criteria.

Nano-Plasticity of an Electrified Ionic Liquid/Electrode Interface: Uncovering Hard-Soft Structuring via Controlled Metal Fill Factor.

Ionic liquids (ILs) nanostructuring at electrified interfaces is of both fundamental and practical interest as these materials are increasingly gaining prominence in energy storage and conversion processes. However, much remains unresolved about IL potential-controlled (re)organization under highly polarized interfaces, mostly due to the difficulty of selectively probing both the distal and proximal surface layers of adsorbed ions. In this work, the structural dynamics of the innermost layer (<10 nm from the surface) were independently interrogated from that of the ionic layers in the sub-surface region (>100 nm from the surface), using an infrared (IR) spectroscopy approach.

Utilization of High-Throughput Experimentation (HTE) and ChemBeads Toward the Development of an Aryl Bromide and Benzyl Bromide Photoredox Cross-Electrophile Coupling.

The discussion herein describes a metallaphotoredox reaction that allows for efficient exploration of benzyl structure-activity relationships in medicinal chemistry. The use of HTE (high-throughput experimentation) and ChemBeads allows for rapid reaction optimization. The formation of di(hetero)arylmethanes via cross-electrophile coupling between aryl bromides and benzyl bromides provides access to diverse chemical space.

Modulation of Stiffness-Dependent Macrophage Inflammatory Responses by Collagen Deposition.

Macrophages are innate immune cells that interact with complex extracellular matrix environments, which have varied stiffness, composition, and structure, and such interactions can lead to the modulation of cellular activity. Collagen is often used in the culture of immune cells, but the effects of substrate functionalization conditions are not typically considered. Here, we show that the solvent system used to attach collagen onto a hydrogel surface affects its surface distribution and organization, and this can modulate the responses of macrophages subsequently cultured on these surfaces in terms of their inflammatory activation and expression of adhesion and mechanosensitive molecules.

A histone deacetylase network regulates epigenetic reprogramming and viral silencing in HIV-infected cells.

A long-lived latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells persists with antiretroviral therapy and prevents cure. We report that the emergence of latently infected primary CD4 T cells requires the activity of histone deacetylase enzymes HDAC1/2 and HDAC3. Data from targeted HDAC molecules, an HDAC3-directed PROTAC, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout experiments converge on a model where either HDAC1/2 or HDAC3 targeting can prevent latency, whereas all three enzymes must be targeted to achieve latency reversal.

Microbiomes in the context of developing sustainable intensified aquaculture.

With an ever-growing human population, the need for sustainable production of nutritional food sources has never been greater. Aquaculture is a key industry engaged in active development to increase production in line with this need while remaining sustainable in terms of environmental impact and promoting good welfare and health in farmed species. Microbiomes fundamentally underpin animal health, being a key part of their digestive, metabolic and defense systems, in the latter case protecting against opportunistic pathogens in the environment.

Diamonds in the Rough: Direct Surface Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence of Nitrogen Reduction on Boron-Doped Diamond Supported Metal Catalysts.

In situ investigations of electrocatalytic processes of increasing societal interest such as the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) require aggressive experimental conditions that are not readily compatible with surface sensitive techniques such as attenuated total reflection surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS). A method for performing ATR-SEIRAS studies at very negative potentials where conventional IR-active films delaminate and fail is reported. The method relies on a thin film of very robust boron-doped diamond deposited on a micromachined Si wafer, which provides extended mid-IR transparency at long wavelengths.

Rapid adaptation to a novel pathogen through disease tolerance in a wild songbird.

Animal hosts can adapt to emerging infectious disease through both disease resistance, which decreases pathogen numbers, and disease tolerance, which limits damage during infection without limiting pathogen replication. Both resistance and tolerance mechanisms can drive pathogen transmission dynamics. However, it is not well understood how quickly host tolerance evolves in response to novel pathogens or what physiological mechanisms underlie this defense.

The effect of post-discharge oral nutritional supplements on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Malnutrition is a risk-factor for adverse postoperative outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of post-discharge oral nutritional supplements (ONS) on outcomes in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods: The Medline and Embase databases were searched for randomised clinical trials in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery who had received ONS for at least two weeks after discharge from hospital.

Histopathological survey of putative parasites and pathogens in non-native slipper limpets Crepidula fornicata.

Two populations of the invasive slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata were sampled in Swansea Bay and Milford Haven, Wales, UK, to determine the presence of putative pathogens and parasites known to affect co-located commercially important shellfish (e.g. oysters).

Extracellular vesicle signatures and protein citrullination are modified in shore crabs () infected with sp.

Epizootiologists recurrently encounter symbionts and pathobionts in the haemolymph (blood equivalent) of shellfish. One such group is the dinoflagellate genus , which contains several species that cause debilitating disease in decapod crustaceans. The shore crab acts as a mobile reservoir of microparasites, including sp.

Analysis of Plasmablasts From Children With Kawasaki Disease Reveals Evidence of a Convergent Antibody Response to a Specific Protein Epitope.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a febrile illness of young childhood that can result in coronary artery aneurysms and death. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation strategies resulted in a marked decrease in KD cases worldwide, supporting a transmissible respiratory agent as the cause. We previously reported a peptide epitope recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from clonally expanded peripheral blood plasmablasts from 3 of 11 KD children, suggesting a common disease trigger in a subset of patients with KD.

Shell disease syndromes of decapod crustaceans.

The term shell disease subsumes a number of debilitating conditions affecting the outer integument (the carapace) of decapod crustaceans, such as lobsters and crabs. Herein, we seek to find commonality in the aetiology and pathology of such conditions, and those cases that result in the progressive erosion of the cuticle through to the visceral tissues by a cocktail of microbial-derived enzymes including lipases, proteases and chitinases. Aquimarina spp.

Site pleiotropy of a stickleback Bmp6 enhancer.

Development and regeneration are orchestrated by gene regulatory networks that operate in part through transcriptional enhancers. Although many enhancers are pleiotropic and are active in multiple tissues, little is known about whether enhancer pleiotropy is due to 1) site pleiotropy, in which individual transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are required for activity in multiple tissues, or 2) multiple distinct sites that regulate expression in different tissues. Here, we investigated the pleiotropy of an intronic enhancer of the stickleback Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene.

Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Kawasaki Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

Importance: Public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic had widespread effects on population behaviors, transmission of infectious diseases, and exposures to environmental pollutants. This provided an opportunity to study how these factors potentially influenced the incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD), a self-limited pediatric vasculitis of unknown etiology.

Objectives: To examine the change in KD incidence across the United States and evaluate whether public health measures affected the prevalence of KD.

Targeting IRAK3 for Degradation to Enhance IL-12 Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production.

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is a pseudokinase mediator in the human inflammatory pathway, and ablation of its function is associated with enhanced antitumor immunity. Traditionally, pseudokinases have eluded "druggability" and have not been considered tractable targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we disclose a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of IRAK3 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells that results in an increase in IL-12 production upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

sp. infection does not drive collateral disease contraction in a crustacean host.

Host, pathogen, and environment are determinants of the disease triangle, the latter being a key driver of disease outcomes and persistence within a community. The dinoflagellate genus is detrimental to crustaceans globally - considered to suppress the innate defences of hosts, making them more susceptible to co-infections. Evidence supporting immune suppression is largely anecdotal and sourced from diffuse accounts of compromised decapods.

Rapid and accurate etizolam detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for community drug checking.

Background: In British Columbia, Canada, illicit opioids have been increasingly combined with etizolam, a benzodiazepine analog, that continues to challenge popular portable drug checking technologies as it is often present in low concentrations as a result of its high potency. An unknown combination of opioids and benzodiazepines may have dangerous consequences due to unpredictable dosing, increased respiratory depression, and complicated overdose response measures.

Methods: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using a portable Raman spectrometer is used to establish a univariate model for the detection of etizolam in opioid drug mixtures (n=100) obtained from the Vancouver Island Drug Checking Project, where the presence of etizolam has been determined using paper-spray mass spectrometry.

Current Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Purpose Of Review: We highlight the new clinical entity multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), the progress in understanding its immunopathogenesis, and compare and contrast the clinical and immunologic features of MIS-C with Kawasaki disease (KD).

Recent Findings: Studies show immune dysregulation in MIS-C including T lymphocyte depletion and activation, T cell receptor Vbeta skewing, elevated plasmablast frequencies, increased markers of vascular pathology, and decreased numbers and functional profiles of antigen-presenting cells.

Summary: MIS-C is a late manifestation of infection with SARS-CoV-2 associated with marked immune activation and many potential mechanisms of immunopathogenesis.

The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella.

Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning mechanisms of toxicity, but there is a general move toward reducing and replacing vertebrates for these bioassays. We have adopted insect larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a surrogate toxicology model.