AFOMP policy number 6: code of ethics for medical physicists in AFOMP Countries.

This policy statement, which is the sixth of a series of documents prepared by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP) Professional Development Committee, gives guidance on how medical physicists in AFOMP countries should conduct themselves in an ethical manner in their professional practice (Ng et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 32:175-179, 2009; Round et al. in Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 33:7-10, 2010; Round et al.

AFOMP Policy No 5: career progression for clinical medical physicists in AFOMP countries.

This policy statement, which is the fifth of a series of documents being prepared by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics Professional Development Committee, gives guidance on how clinical medical physicists' careers should progress from their initial training to career end. It is not intended to be prescriptive as in some AFOMP countries career structures are already essentially defined by employment awards and because such matters will vary considerably from country to country depending on local culture, employment practices and legislation. It is intended to be advisory and set out options for member countries and employers of clinical medical physicists to develop suitable career structures.

Brief histories of medical physics in Asia-Oceania.

The history of medical physics in Asia-Oceania goes back to the late nineteenth century when X-ray imaging was introduced, although medical physicists were not appointed until much later. Medical physics developed very quickly in some countries, but in others the socio-economic situation as such prevented it being established for many years. In others, the political situation and war has impeded its development.

Radiation exposure to caregivers from patients undergoing common radionuclide therapies: a review.

The contribution of radionuclide therapies (RNTs) to effective patient treatment is widely appreciated. The administration of high doses has necessitated investigating the potential radiation hazard to caregivers from patients undergoing RNTs. This work aimed to review the literature regarding measured effective doses to caregivers from such patients.

Patient-specific dosimetry in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy: a clinical review.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) belong to a relatively rare class of neoplasms. Nonetheless, their prevalence has increased significantly during the last decades. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a relatively new treatment approach for inoperable or metastasised NETs.

A 2012 survey of the Australasian clinical medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce.

A survey of the medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce in Australia and New Zealand was carried out in 2012 following on from similar surveys in 2009 and 2006. 761 positions (equivalent to 736 equivalent full time (EFT) positions) were captured by the survey. Of these, 428 EFT were in radiation oncology physics, 63 EFT were in radiology physics, 49 EFT were in nuclear medicine physics, 150 EFT were in biomedical engineering and 46 EFT were attributed to other activities.

AFOMP policy statement no. 4: recommendations for continuing professional development systems for medical physicists in AFOMP countries.

This policy statement, which is the fourth of a series of documents being prepared by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics Committees Professional Development Committee, gives guidance on how member countries could develop a continuing professional development system for ensuring that its clinical medical physicists are up-to-date in their knowledge and practice. It is not intended to be prescriptive as there are already several CPD systems successfully operated by AFOMP member countries and elsewhere that vary considerably in scope and structure according to local culture, practice and legislation but all of which are capable of ensuring that physicists are up-to-date. It is intended to be advisory and set out options for member countries to develop their individual CPD systems.

Evaluation of detector material and radiation source position on Compton camera's ability for multitracer imaging.

We present a study on the effects of detector material, radionuclide source and source position on the Compton camera aimed at realistic characterization of the camera's performance in multitracer imaging as it relates to brain imaging. The GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation software was used to model the physics of radiation transport and interactions with matter. Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) detectors were evaluated for the scatterer, and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and cerium-doped lanthanum bromide (LaBr(3):Ce) were considered for the absorber.

Continuing professional development systems for medical physicists: a global survey and analysis.

Continuing professional development (CPD) and continuing professional education (CPE) are seen as being necessary for medical physicists to ensure that they are up-to-date with current clinical practice. CPD is more than just continuing professional education, but can include research publication, working group contribution, thesis examination and many other activities. A systematic way of assessing and recording such activities that a medical physicist undertakes is used in a number of countries.

AFOMP Policy Statement No. 3: recommendations for the education and training of medical physicists in AFOMP countries.

AFOMP recognizes that clinical medical physicists should demonstrate that they are competent to practice their profession by obtaining appropriate education, training and supervised experience in the specialties of medical physics in which they practice, as well as having a basic knowledge of other specialties. To help its member countries to achieve this, AFOMP has developed this policy to provide guidance when developing medical physicist education and training programs. The policy is compatible with the standards being promoted by the International Organization for Medical Physics and the International Medical Physics Certification Board.

The education and training of clinical medical physicists in 25 European, 2 North American and 2 Australasian countries: similarities and differences.

Purpose: The clinical medical physicist is part of a team responsible for safe and competent provision of radiation-based diagnostic examinations and therapeutic practices. To ensure that the physicist can provide an adequate service, sufficient education and training is indispensable. The aim of this study is to provide a structured description of the present status of the clinical medical physicist education and training framework in 25 European, 2 North American and 2 Australasian countries.

A Monte Carlo evaluation of three Compton camera absorbers.

We present a quantitative study on the performance of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) and germanium (Ge) detectors as potential Compton camera absorbers. The GEANT4 toolkit was used to model the performance of these materials over the nuclear medicine energy range. CZT and Ge demonstrate the highest and lowest efficiencies respectively.

Certification and licensing of clinical medical physicists in AFOMP countries.

In many countries the education and training of medical physicists has changed over the last few decades from being rather ad hoc to becoming structured with residency programs becoming quite common. These are often followed by formal certification by independent bodies, and medical physics professional organizations (MPPOs) affirming the quality of certified physicists and recognizing their competence and ability to practice independently. Policies on the training and education of medical physicists have been developed by the International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP) and by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP).

GEANT4 simulation of the effects of Doppler energy broadening in Compton imaging.

A Monte Carlo approach was used to study the effects of Doppler energy broadening on Compton camera performance. The GEANT4 simulation toolkit was used to model the radiation transport and interactions with matter in a simulated Compton camera. The low energy electromagnetic physics model of GEANT4 incorporating Doppler broadening developed by Longo et al.

A 2009 survey of the Australasian clinical medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce.

A survey of the Australasian clinical medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce was carried out in 2009 following on from a similar survey in 2006. 621 positions (equivalent to 575 equivalent full time (EFT) positions) were captured by the survey. Of these 330 EFT were in radiation oncology physics, 45 EFT were in radiology physics, 42 EFT were in nuclear medicine physics, 159 EFT were in biomedical engineering and 29 EFT were attributed to other activities.

AFOMP POLICY STATEMENT No. 2: recommended clinical radiation oncology medical physicist staffing levels in AFOMP countries.

This document is the second of a series of policy statements being issued by the Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (AFOMP). The document was developed by the AFOMP Professional Development Committee (PDC) and was released by the AFOMP Council in 2009. The main purpose of the document is to give guidance as to how many medical physicists are required to staff a radiation oncology department.

A survey of the Australasian clinical medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce.

A survey of the medical physics and biomedical engineering workforce was carried out in 2006. 495 positions (equivalent to 478 equivalent full time (EFT) positions) were captured by the survey. Of these 268 EFT were in radiation oncology physics, 36 EFT were in radiology physics, 44 were in nuclear medicine physics, 101 EFT were in biomedical engineering and 29 EFT were attributed to other activities.

A study of objective functions for organs with parallel and serial architecture.

An objective function analysis when target volumes are deliberately enlarged to account for tumour mobility and consecutive uncertainty in the tumour position in external beam radiotherapy has been carried out. The dose distribution inside the tumour is assumed to have logarithmic dependence on the tumour cell density which assures an iso-local tumour control probability. The normal tissue immediately surrounding the tumour is irradiated homogeneously at a dose level equal to the dose D(R) delivered at the edge of the tumour.

A new method for optimum dose distribution determination taking tumour mobility into account.

A method for determining the optimum dose distribution in the planning target volume is proposed when target volumes are deliberately enlarged to account for tumour mobility in external beam radiotherapy. The optimum dose distribution is a dose distribution that will result in an acceptable level of tumour control probability (TCP) in most of the arising cases of tumour dislocation. An assumption is made that the possible shifts of the tumour are subject to a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and known variance.

A variational approach to the problem of optimizing the radiation dose distribution in tumours.

This paper presents a precise mathematical formulation of a biological criterion by which the radiation dose distribution in tumours homogeneous or heterogeneous in cell density and radiosensitivity can be optimized. The criterion is formulated as search for a dose distribution that would minimize the mean dose delivered to the tumour under the constraint that the tumour control probability reaches a given desired value. Using a method from the calculus of variations it has been proven that a homogeneous dose distribution is the solution in case of tumours homogeneous in radiosensitivity independent of their cell spatial density status.

A mathematical approach to optimizing the radiation dose distribution in heterogeneous tumours.

This paper offers a general mathematical approach to dose distribution optimization which allows tumours with different degrees of complexity to be considered. Two different biological criteria - A) keeping the control probability of the different parts of the tumour (local tumour control probability) uniform throughout the tumour and B) minimizing the mean dose delivered to the tumour are studied. For both criteria we impose the requirement that the whole tumour control probability be kept on a certain desired level.

Photon beam convolution using polyenergetic energy deposition kernels.

In photon beam convolution calculations where polyenergetic energy deposition kernels (EDKS) are used, the primary photon energy spectrum should be correctly accounted for in Monte Carlo generation of EDKS. This requires the probability of interaction, determined by the linear attenuation coefficient, mu, to be taken into account when primary photon interactions are forced to occur at the EDK origin. The use of primary and scattered EDKS generated with a fixed photon spectrum can give rise to an error in the dose calculation due to neglecting the effects of beam hardening with depth.

The effect of density on the 10MV photon beam penumbra.

An investigation into the density dependence of the penumbra of the Varian Clinac 18/10 10MV photon beam has been carried out. A water/lung phantom was constructed of polystyrene (r = 1.04 g cm-3) and cork (r = 0.