Looking to the future: Four key purposes of engineering leadership education.

The concluding article of this engineering leadership (EL) development sourcebook looks to the future of the field by exploring four key purposes of EL education: the pursuit of knowledge, personal growth, professional preparation and social transformation.

Engineering: Moving Leadership From the Periphery to the Core of an Intensely Technical Curriculum.

Engineering is developing extensive leadership education, supporting future professional engineers to engage with others in solving complex sociotechnical problems. A contemporary challenge is to integrate leadership learning into foundational coursework requirements.

Dose reduction effective in alleviating symptoms of saquinavir toxicity.

Gastrointestinal intolerance is a limitation of boosted saquinavir antiretroviral treatment. We present three HIV-infected individuals whose severe toxicity symptoms started directly after initiation of a standard dose saquinavir hard-gel capsule-containing regimen (saquinavir/ritonavir 1000/100 mg). All patients underwent immediate 12 h pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment and showed extraordinarily high saquinavir plasma exposure.

Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir, atazanavir, and ritonavir in a twice-daily boosted double-protease inhibitor regimen.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir (ATV), saquinavir (SQV), and ritonavir (RTV) in a boosted double-protease inhibitor (PI) therapy regimen without reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). The study design was as follows. Patients with limited RTI options received a PI combination of 300/100 mg ATV/RTV once daily and 1,000 mg SQV twice daily (group 1; n=49) without RTI comedication.

SSRIs and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which include some of the mostly widely prescribed drugs in the United States, produce fewer adverse effects than other types of antidepressants. But their use can be associated with disruption of the action of antidiuretic hormone in the body, which wreaks havoc with homeostasis. This may lead to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), which is characterized by hyponatremia, a potentially fatal condition that is typically asymptomatic until it becomes severe.

Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a combination of indinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir in multiply pretreated HIV-1 infected adults.

Objectives: The authors evaluated the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of indinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in a protease inhibitor only combination.

Methods: Plasma drug levels of patients taking indinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir 800/400/100mg twice daily (n = 24, group 1) were compared to patients taking either lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100mg (n = 35, group2) or indinavir/ritonavir 800/100mg (n = 33, group3) twice daily plus nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Steady-state drug concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS.

Mega-HAART: preliminary results and correlation with baseline resistance.

This is a brief report of preliminary results of the assessment of the correlation between baseline viral drug susceptibility and virological response in patients receiving mega-HAART. A total of 37 patients received > or = 6 drugs with a median follow-up of 8 months. There was evidence of extensive loss of viral drug susceptibility at baseline among the 24 patients analysed.

Severe CNS side-effect and persistent high efavirenz plasma levels in a patient with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis.

We describe an HIV/HCV coinfected patient with liver cirrhosis, who experienced severe CNS side-effects during efavirenz-based HIV therapy. Plasma levels of efavirenz were 10 times the upper limit and remained elevated (at twice the upper limit) 4 weeks after cessation of therapy. Efavirenz resistance (K103N) developed and was probably due to 'functional' monotherapy.

The Protease Inhibitor Transfer Study (PROTRA 1): abacavir and efavirenz in combination as a substitute for a protease inhibitor in heavily pretreated HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma viral load.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of abacavir (ABC) and efavirenz (EFV) instead of a protease inhibitor (PI) in HIV-1-infected subjects treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one PI with undetectable viral loads (< 50 HIV -1 RNA copies/mL). To be eligible for inclusion, patients had to have a history of viral load < 400 copies/mL for at least 3 months and had to be naive to treatment with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and ABC, but multiple pretreatment and treatment failure were allowed.

Design: An open-label, single-centre pilot study of duration 48 weeks was conducted.

[Clinical presentation and management of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)].

Background And Objective: In February 2003, a newly emerged infectious disease was described, the etiology of which was initially unknown. It is referred to under the term SARS. In the beginning, it spread in some regions South-East Asia.

The impact of protease inhibitor-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy on progression of HIV disease and its relationship to CD4 and viral load.

Objective: To compare the rate of disease progression according to viral load and CD4 cell count in patients receiving or not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), defined as protease inhibitor-containing regimens.

Design: An observational study, with prospectively collected data.

Methods: All patients attending the HIV Outpatient clinic as of 1 January 1995 (n = 2083) were included.

CD4 lymphocyte count as a predictor of the duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced suppression of human immunodeficiency virus load.

The association between CD4 cell count and duration of virus load suppression was investigated in 558 patients in the Frankfurt HIV Clinic Cohort who had begun highly active antiretroviral therapy and who had virus load declines to View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Dual resistance to zidovudine and lamivudine in patients treated with zidovudine-lamivudine combination therapy: association with therapy failure.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains dually resistant to zidovudine and lamivudine (3TC) may arise during zidovudine-3TC combination therapy. The objective of this cross-sectional study (n = 43 patients) was to test the association between therapy response (clinical and immunologic) to zidovudine-3TC and the level of phenotypic zidovudine resistance and zidovudine resistance-associated genotype of 3TC-resistant isolates. Other variables included were baseline CD4+ cell count, baseline Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification, virus load, and time receiving zidovudine.