Adolescents' Online Connections with Friends during COVID-19: An Assessment of the Forms of Communication and Their Association with Emotional Adjustment.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home orders limited adolescents' ability to connect with friends in person, leading adolescents to rely on digital forms of communication to interact with friends. The present study ( = 168 adolescents ages 11-20, 51.40% female) examined the types of digital communication adolescents used to connect with friends during the pandemic stay-at-home orders and how each form of digital communication related to adolescents' emotional adjustment.

Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial.

Background: Sparsentan is a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin and angiotensin receptor antagonist being examined in an ongoing phase 3 trial in adults with IgA nephropathy. We report the prespecified interim analysis of the primary proteinuria efficacy endpoint, and safety.

Methods: PROTECT is an international, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled study, being conducted in 134 clinical practice sites in 18 countries.

Predicting attributional accuracy in mother-adolescent conflictual discussions.

Attributional accuracy focuses on the extent to which one person accurately judges the reasons that another person acts the way they do. Research has shown that relationship quality, individual factors, and the overall context of a discussion, all play a role in the accuracy of attributions within adult relationships. However, little research has examined these patterns for parents and adolescents.

Combining Parenting Strategies in Discipline Encounters: Influences on Moral Internalization in Adolescence.

Current research in the field of moral socialization needs to address more fully how combinations of discipline practices influence the internalization process. The present study examined young adults' retrospective reports concerning their mother's and father's disciplinary responses to remembered moral transgressions. Participants included 410 undergraduate students (age = 19.

Longitudinal Change in Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study aimed to examine changes in depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of 1,339 adolescents (9-18 years old, 59% female) from three countries. We also examined if age, race/ethnicity, disease burden, or strictness of government restrictions moderated change in symptoms. Data from 12 longitudinal studies (10 U.

Ethical Considerations for Parent-Adolescent Dyadic Research.

Over the last few years, the use of dyadic research methods has expanded considerably. One area that has benefited from this type of research is the study of the family unit, particularly parent-adolescent dyads. Dyadic research allows investigators to assess relationship dynamics, processes, and congruences within a family unit, as well as the distinct experiences of each member of the dyad.

Maternal psychological control and mother-adolescent conflict discussion quality: Different perceptions are key.

Parental psychological control is associated with poor adolescent outcomes, but little research has examined discrepancies between observed and perceived psychological control in predicting conversational outcomes. The present study used a multimethod, multi-informant approach to examine whether independent and joint associations between observer, adolescent, and mother perceptions of maternal psychological control during mother-adolescent conflict discussions were associated with adolescents' and mothers' perceptions of the quality of these conversations. Mother-adolescent dyads ( = 123 dyads) participated in a conflict discussion and subsequently reported on their satisfaction with the process and outcome of the discussion.

Adolescent Adjustment During COVID-19: The Role of Close Relationships and COVID-19-related Stress.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents' typical social support systems have been disrupted. The present study examined adolescent adjustment during the pandemic (summer, 2020) while controlling for pre-pandemic adjustment (2017-2018) in 170 youth (ages 12-20) from Missouri and Florida. We also examined whether positive and negative relationship qualities with four close others (i.

How Do Chinese Youth in Hong Kong Evaluate Maternal Guilt and Shame Induction? Age, Form, and Domain Differences.

Although Chinese parents are seen as employing guilt and shame induction to socialize children's culturally appropriate behavior, research has focused primarily on Chinese parents' use of these inductions and their links with child adjustment rather than on children's evaluations of them. Furthermore, this research typically does not examine variations in children's appraisals based on the type of behavior being socialized. The present study addressed these gaps in the literature by examining 206 Hong Kong Chinese children's and early adolescents' (Ms = 9.

"That's Not What I Heard!": Adolescent Internalizing, Negative Perceptions of Maternal Communication, and Felt Shame and Guilt.

Adolescents with internalizing problems are more prone to feelings of guilt and shame, experience more guilt-induction, and report more negative parenting, but little is known about the way these processes are associated nor the extent to which they occur within real-time parent-adolescent interactions. The current study sought to clarify these links by investigating whether negatively biased perceptions of maternal communication mediate links between adolescent internalizing symptoms and their feelings of guilt, shame, and guilt-induction during real-time mother-adolescent discussions. One hundred twenty-three mother-adolescent dyads participated in the study.

Longitudinal associations between adolescent information management and mother-teen relationship quality: Between- versus within-family differences.

Parent-adolescent relationships are related to adolescents' disclosure and concealment, but these associations may represent between-family differences (e.g., families with more negative interactions have adolescents who disclose less) or within-family processes (e.

Study Design of the Phase 3 Sparsentan Versus Irbesartan (DUPLEX) Study in Patients With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.

Introduction: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a histologic lesion in the kidney caused by varied pathophysiological processes, leads to end-stage kidney disease in a large proportion of patients. Sparsentan is a first-in-class orally active compound combining endothelin type A (ET) receptor blockade with angiotensin II type 1 (AT) receptor antagonism in a single molecule. A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Parallel, Active-Control Study of the Effects of Sparsentan, a Dual Endothelin Receptor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, on Renal Outcomes in Patients With Primary FSGS (DUPLEX) study evaluates the long-term antiproteinuric efficacy, nephroprotective potential, and safety profile of sparsentan compared with an AT receptor blocker alone in patients with FSGS.

Defend, Stand By, or Join In?: The Relative Influence of Moral Identity, Moral Judgment, and Social Self-Efficacy on Adolescents' Bystander Behaviors in Bullying Situations.

In bullying situations, adolescent bystanders may help bullied others, just stand by, or join in the antisocial behavior. Current studies have yet to fully examine the moral and social factors motivating these varied responses to bullying encounters. Extending from pertinent developmental theories, the present study investigated the relative contributions of moral identity (i.

Within-family dyadic patterns of parental monitoring and adolescent information management.

In line with increasing calls for within-family analyses of monitoring processes, this study examined profiles of (combined) adolescent information management strategies and parent knowledge-gathering strategies among 174 families with middle adolescents (Mage = 15.7 years; 164 mother-teen and 112 father-teen dyads). Three mother-adolescent profiles (open, intrusive, indirect) and two father-adolescent profiles (reserved, covert) emerged, with voluntary disclosure and snooping particularly differentiating profiles and fathers reporting gaining more knowledge from others.

Situational and structural variation in youth perceptions of maternal guilt induction.

Parental induction of empathy-related guilt plays an important role in children's moral development. However, guilt induction can also be psychologically controlling and detrimental for youth adjustment. This study provided a more nuanced view of parental guilt induction by examining how the nature of a child's misdeed and the structure and content of the parental guilt inductive statement impact children's perceptions of it.

Patterns and Predictors of Mother-Adolescent Discrepancies across Family Constructs.

Parent-child discrepancies pervade the family literature; they appear in reports of relationship dynamics (e.g., conflict; Laursen et al.

Thriving while engaging in risk? Examining trajectories of adaptive functioning, delinquency, and substance use in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents.

Recent advances in positive youth development theory and research explicate complex associations between adaptive functioning and risk behavior, acknowledging that high levels of both co-occur in the lives of some adolescents. However, evidence on nuanced overlapping developmental trajectories of adaptive functioning and risk has been limited to 1 sample of youth and a single conceptualization of adaptive functioning. We build on prior work by utilizing a nationally representative sample of U.

What do mothers want to know about teens' activities? Levels, trajectories, and correlates.

Middle class mothers (n = 169) of middle adolescents (M = 15.69 years old) in the U.S.

Developmental changes and individual differences in young children's moral judgments.

Developmental trajectories and individual differences in 70 American middle-income 2½- to 4-year olds' moral judgments were examined 3 times across 1 year using latent growth modeling. At Wave 1, children distinguished hypothetical moral from conventional transgressions on all criteria, but only older preschoolers did so when rating deserved punishment. Children's understanding of moral transgressions as wrong independent of authority grew over time.

Endotoxaemia induces resistance to activated protein C in healthy humans.

Systemic inflammation activates the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex (TF/FVIIa), leading to a procoagulant state, which may be enhanced by impairment of physiological anticoagulant pathways, such as the protein C system. Besides impaired protein C activation, resistance to activated protein C (APC) may occur. We studied the effect of endotoxemia on APC resistance, analysed its determinants and evaluated the effect of TF/FVIIa inhibition on endotoxin-induced APC resistance.

Local activation of the tissue factor-factor VIIa pathway in patients with pneumonia and the effect of inhibition of this pathway in murine pneumococcal pneumonia.

Objective: The tissue factor (TF)-factor VIIa (FVIIa) complex not only is essential for activation of blood coagulation but also affect the inflammatory response during sepsis. The objective of this study was to determine the role of TF-FVIIa in pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most important causative organism in community-acquired pneumonia and a major cause of sepsis.

Design: A controlled, in vivo laboratory study.