Splitting one species into 22: an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological, and geographical differentiation in the fern family Didymochlaenaceae (Polypodiales).

The pantropical fern genus Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) has long been considered to contain one species only. Recent studies have resolved this genus/family as either sister to the rest of eupolypods I or as the second branching lineage of eupolypods I, and have shown that this genus is not monospecific, but the exact species diversity is unknown. In this study, a new phylogeny is reconstructed based on an expanded taxon sampling and six molecular markers.

Two new -lignans, siamensinols A and B, from Hieron. and their biological activities.

Two new -lignans siamensinols A-B (-) and seven known compounds agatharesinol (), syringaresinol-glucoside (), noreugenin (), 8-methyleugenitol (), melachromone (), uncinoside A () and daucosterol () were isolated from Hieron. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1 D, 2 D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS and CD spectrometry. Compounds showed moderate inhibitory effect on MOLT-3 cells while 8-methyleugenitol () exhibited moderate inhibitory effect on three tumor cells (HepG2, A549 and HuCCA-1).

Evolutionary relationships of the ancient fern lineage the adder's tongues (Ophioglossaceae) with description of Sahashia gen. nov.

As an ancient lineage of ferns, Ophioglossaceae are evolutionarily among the most fascinating because they have the highest chromosome count of any known organism as well as the presence of sporophores, subterranean gametophytes, eusporangiate sporangia without annuli, and endophytic fungi. Previous studies have produced conflicting results, identifyingsome lineages with unresolved relationships, and have paid much attention to the subfamily Botrychioideae. But the other species-rich subfamily, Ophioglossoideae, has remained largely understudied and only up to 12 accessions of Ophioglossoideae have been sampled.