Time-Kill Analysis of Canine Skin Pathogens: A Comparison of Pradofloxacin and Marbofloxacin.

Time-kill curves (TKCs) are more informative compared with the use of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as they allow the capture of bacterial growth and the development of drug killing rates over time, which allows to compute key pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Our study aimed, using a semi-mechanistic mathematical model, to estimate the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices (ƒAUC/MIC or %ƒT > MIC) for the prediction of clinical efficacy of veterinary FQs in , , and collected from canine pyoderma cases with a focus on the comparison between marbofloxacin and pradofloxacin. Eight TCKs for each bacterial species (4 susceptible and 4 resistant) were analysed in duplicate.

Investigation of In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Pathogens: Perspectives for Fluoroquinolone Therapy in Canine Pyoderma.

Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are commonly used in dogs with bacterial skin infections. Their use as first choice, along with the increased incidence of FQ-resistance, represents a risk to animal and public health. Our study determined minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of five FQs in , and together with FQ-resistance mechanisms.

The nose is not enough: Multi-site sampling is best for MRSP detection in dogs and households.

Background: Following recovery from meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) infection of any type, dogs may continue to carry MRSP asymptomatically on skin and mucosae, contributing to the spread of this multidrug-resistant, veterinary hospital-associated pathogen with zoonotic potential to others and into the environment.

Objectives: This study determined which canine anatomic and household environmental sites are most sensitive for sampling to identify carriage and contamination.

Methods And Materials: Fifty-one dogs and 22 households, MRSP-positive on at least one tested site, were sampled on 132 and 40 occasions over time, respectively.

Effect of topical antimicrobial therapy and household cleaning on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius carriage in dogs.

Background: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a multidrug-resistant canine pathogen with a low zoonotic potential. This study investigated MRSP carriage and clearance through topical antimicrobial therapy and household cleaning in dogs recovered from MRSP infection.

Methods: Dogs were swabbed for MRSP carriage; household contamination was assessed using contact plates.

Malassezia otitis unresponsive to primary care: outcome in 59 dogs.

Background: Otitis externa (OE) is a common disorder in dogs. Infection by the commensal yeast, Malassezia pachydermatis, may result in chronic disease that does not respond to standard primary care. Chronic infectious OE may be associated with otitis media (OM).

Genes on the Move: In Vitro Transduction of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes between Human and Canine Staphylococcal Pathogens.

Transmission of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSP) between people and pets, and their co-carriage, are well-described. Potential exchange of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes amongst these staphylococci was investigated in vitro through endogenous bacteriophage-mediated transduction. Bacteriophages were UV-induced from seven donor isolates of canine (MRSP) and human (MRSA) origin, containing (M), (K), or , and lysates filtered.

Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats in the South of England between 1991 and 2017.

Background: Since the epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytosis might evolve in response to chronological, sociological and ecological factors, the authors studied the occurrence of dermatophyte pathogens over 27 years subsequent to the last major UK survey.

Methods: Dermatophyte culture submission records from dogs and cats to the Royal Veterinary College Diagnostic Laboratory in England between 1991 and 2017 were reviewed. Samples were routinely cultured aerobically at 26°C for up to four weeks on Sabouraud's dextrose agar containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol; dermatophytes were identified using conventional phenotypic methods.

Yeasts in Veterinary Dermatology: An Updated Overview.

Lipophilic yeasts of the genus are important skin commensals and opportunistic skin pathogens in a variety of animals. The species was first isolated from the skin of a captive Indian rhinoceros with an exfoliative dermatitis in 1925, recognized as an important otic pathogen of dogs in the 1950's, and finally accepted, after several years of controversy, as a common cause of canine dermatitis in the 1990's. Since then, there has been considerable research into the biology of yeasts and their interaction with their animal hosts.

Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology.

Background: The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds.

Objectives: The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats.

Methods And Material: The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018.

Reduced antimicrobial prescribing during autogenous staphylococcal bacterin therapy: a retrospective study in dogs with pyoderma.

Autogenous staphylococcal bacterins are commonly mentioned as treatment for canine recurrent pyoderma but little is known about their efficacy. This retrospective study describes use and assesses efficacy of an autogenous bacterin in dogs with pyoderma. Frequency and duration of systemic antimicrobial therapy were compared 12 months before and after starting bacterin (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) with data extracted from general practice medical histories.

Activity In Vitro of Clotrimazole against Canine Methicillin-Resistant and Susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

Emergence of multidrug-resistance in (SP) has increased interest in topical therapy as an alternative to systemic antibiotics in canine pyoderma. The antifungal imidazole, clotrimazole, is contained in numerous licensed canine ear preparations. Its in vitro activity against SP has not been evaluated, although previous studies have shown that the related imidazole, miconazole, has significant anti-staphylococcal efficacy.

Opportunities for topical antimicrobial therapy: permeation of canine skin by fusidic acid.

Background: Staphylococcal infection of the canine epidermis and hair follicle is amongst the commonest reasons for antimicrobial prescribing in small animal veterinary practice. Topical therapy with fusidic acid (FA) is an attractive alternative to systemic therapy based on low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, commonly <0.03 mg/l) documented in canine pathogenic staphylococci, including strains of MRSA and MRSP (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S.

Interaction of chlorhexidine with trisEDTA or miconazole in vitro against canine meticillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from two UK regions.

Background: Topical therapy is an important alternative to systemic antibacterial therapy for treatment of canine superficial pyoderma in light of the emergence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci. Chlorhexidine is widely used in shampoo products alone or in combination with miconazole or tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (trisEDTA). Comparisons of these combinations have not been made.

Food-specific serum IgE and IgG reactivity in dogs with and without skin disease: lack of correlation between laboratories.

Background: Despite conflicting data on their utility and no reports on interlaboratory reproducibility, serum food-specific antibodies are commonly assayed in first-opinion canine practice.

Hypothesis/objectives: To determine both the variability of test results between two laboratories and the frequencies and magnitudes of food reactivity in dogs of different disease status.

Animals: Sera were obtained from eight dogs with cutaneous adverse food reaction (Group A), 22 with nonfood-induced atopic dermatitis (Group B), 30 with an allergic/inflammatory phenotype (Group C), 12 with miscellaneous skin diseases (Group D) and nine healthy dogs (Group E).

Case-control risk factor study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) infection in dogs and cats in Germany.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a highly drug-resistant small animal veterinary pathogen. Although often isolated from outpatients in veterinary clinics, there is concern that MRSP follows a veterinary-hospital-associated epidemiology. This study's objective was to identify risk factors for MRSP infections in dogs and cats in Germany.

A review of topical therapy for skin infections with bacteria and yeast.

Background: Cutaneous infections with bacteria and yeasts are common in small animal practice. Treatment with systemic antibiotics or antifungal agents may not be ideal, because of the increasing development of multiresistant organisms, the cost and the possible adverse effects. Topical antimicrobials may be used as adjunctive therapy to systemic treatment or as sole therapy instead of systemic treatment.

Molecular characterization of Malassezia nana isolates from cats.

Malassezia nana (M. nana) is a lipid-dependent yeast that has been isolated from cats and cows. Some sequence variability has been observed in the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions between strains isolated from cats and cows though these regions in M.

Malassezia pachydermatis and M nana predominate amongst the cutaneous mycobiota of Sphynx cats.

Carriage of Malassezia species yeasts in healthy Sphynx cats was compared with that in Devon Rex cats (DRC), Cornish Rex cats (CRC) and domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. Swab samples from the external ear, anus and claw folds, and contact plate samples from the axillae and groins, were incubated on modified Dixon's agar at 32°C for 7 days. Malassezia species were isolated from all 18 Sphynx cats; M pachydermatis accounted for 118/140 isolates.

Clinical and immunological heterogeneity of canine subepidermal blistering dermatoses with anti-laminin-332 (laminin-5) auto-antibodies.

Laminin-332 (laminin-5) is a basement membrane heterotrimeric protein composed of alpha-3, beta-3 and gamma-2 laminin chains. Laminin-332 polypeptides are targeted by auto-antibodies in human patients with mucous membrane (cicatricial) pemphigoid or, more rarely, subepidermal vesicular diseases that resemble epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) or bullous pemphigoid (BP). The objectives of this report were to characterize the clinical, histopathological and immunological characteristics of nine dogs with auto-antibodies targeting laminin-332.

Alopecia in a black Labrador retriever associated with focal sub-follicular panniculitis and sebaceous adenitis.

A 6-year-old entire male black Labrador retriever was presented with nonpruritic multicentric, well-demarcated alopecia of 12-weeks duration. Skin biopsies from the margins of alopecic regions showed sebaceous adenitis and sub-follicular panniculitis. Biopsies from alopecic areas showed severe follicular atrophy with residual fibrous tracts, loss of sebaceous glands and lymphohistiocytic panniculitis beneath individual atrophic hair follicle groups.

Superficial veterinary mycoses.

Dermatophytes are significant pathogens in animal health due to their zoonotic potential, the economic consequences of infection in farm animal and fur production systems, and the distressing lesions they cause in small domestic pets. Malassezia spp are normal commensal and occasional pathogens of the skin of many veterinary species. Malassezia pachydermatis is a very common cause of otitis and pruritic dermatitis in dogs but is of less importance in other veterinary species.

Absence of DNA sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer 1 region in Malassezia nana isolates from cats.

Malassezia nana is a recently-described lipophilic yeast that has been isolated from the ear canals and skin of cats in Japan and Europe and from Brazilian cattle with or without otitis externa. Previous reports have demonstrated that significant intra-species variability exists in the DNA sequence of the intergenic spacer 1 region (IGS1), particularly amongst M. globosa, M.