The Worldwide Graphene Flake Production.

There are hundreds of companies worldwide claiming to produce "graphene," showing a large variation in its properties. A systematic and reliable protocol is developed to test graphene quality using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which is used to study graphene from 60 producers. The statistical nature of the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite is established.