Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat improves lipoprotein subclass profile and liver fat in type 2 diabetes independent of body weight: evidence from 2 randomized controlled trials.

Background: Dyslipidemia with elevated concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), small-dense LDL, and reduced HDL is linked to hepatic steatosis and promotes atherogenesis in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Objectives: We aimed to analyze whether moderate carbohydrate restriction reduces liver fat in T2D independent of changes in body weight and whether this is accompanied by parallel improvements in plasma lipoprotein subclasses.

Methods: We determined the density profile of circulating lipoproteins in patients with T2D from 2 previous randomized controlled trials.

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Improves Cardiac Metabolic Adaption, Mitochondrial Biogenetics, and Redox Status to Ameliorate Pathological Remodeling and Functional Failure in Obese Chickens.

Broiler breeder hens allowed ad libitum (Ad) feed intake developed obesity and cardiac pathogenesis and thereby were susceptible to sudden death. A supplement of 69 µg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3)/kg feed rescued the livability of feed-restricted (R) and Ad-hens (mortality; 6.7% vs.

Separation of Lipoproteins for Quantitative Analysis of C-Labeled Lipid-Soluble Compounds by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.

To date, C tracer studies using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have not yet resolved lipid-soluble analytes into individual lipoprotein density subclasses. The objective of this work was to develop a reliable method for lipoprotein separation and quantitative recovery for biokinetic modeling purposes. The novel method developed provides the means for use of small volumes (10-200 µL) of frozen plasma as a starting material for continuous isopycnic lipoprotein separation within a carbon- and pH-stable analyte matrix, which, following post-separation fraction clean up, created samples suitable for highly accurate C/C isotope ratio determinations by AMS.

Fitm2 is required for ER homeostasis and normal function of murine liver.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) catalyzes acyl-CoA cleavage in vitro and is required for ER homeostasis and normal lipid storage in cells. The gene encoding FIT2 is essential for the viability of mice and worms. Whether FIT2 acts as an acyl-CoA diphosphatase in vivo and how this activity affects the liver, where the protein was discovered, are unknown.

Consuming High-Fat and Low-Fat Ground Beef Depresses High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations, and Reduces Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Abundance.

We hypothesized that consumption of high-fat (HF) ground beef (24% fat) would not affect plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), whereas low-fat (LF) ground beef (5% fat) would decrease HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations. In a randomized 2-period crossover, controlled feeding trial, 25 men (mean age and body mass index, 40 years and 31.2) consumed 115-g HF or LF patties, 5/week for 5 weeks with a 4-week washout.

Differential Modulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on Innate Immunity of Broiler Breeder Hens.

Past immunological studies in broilers focused on juveniles within the rapid pre-slaughter growth period and may not reflect adult immune responses, particularly in breeders managed with chronic feed restriction (R). The study aimed to assess innate immune cell functions in respect to R vs. ad libitum (Ad) feed intake in breeder hens with and without dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) supplementation.

Whole and Isolated Protein Fractions Differentially Affect Gastrointestinal Integrity Markers in C57Bl/6 Mice Fed Diets with a Moderate-Fat Content.

Various proteins or protein fractions reportedly positively affect gastrointestinal integrity and inflammation in diets providing >45% energy as fat. This study tested whether benefits were seen in diets providing 30% of energy as fat. Purified diets (PD) with isolated soy protein (ISP), dried whole milk powder (DWMP), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), or milk protein concentrate (MPC) as protein sources were fed to C57BL/6J mice ( 15/diet group) for 13 weeks.

Supplemental 25-hydroxycholecalciferol Alleviates Inflammation and Cardiac Fibrosis in Hens.

Broiler breeder hens with efficient feed conversion rate under restricted feed intake (R-hens) or allowed unlimited access to feed (Ad-hens) progressed with cardiac functional failure and suffered early sudden death. A supplement of 69 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D)/kg feed improved heart health and rescued livability in both R- and Ad-hens throughout laying stage (26-60 wks). Improvements occurred through cardiac hypertrophic remodeling, reduced arrhythmias, and pathological cues.

Unrestricted Feed Intake Induces β-Cell Death and Impairs Insulin Secretion in Broiler Breeder Hens.

Past studies regarding to insulin secretion and glucose disposal in chickens were focused on rapidly growing juvenile broilers and may not reflect glucose/insulin physiology in adulthood. The study aimed to assess insulin secretion and glucose disposal in respect to restricted (R) vs. ad libitum (Ad) feed intake for obesity development in broiler breeder hens.

Effect of a low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia.

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia is common in Miniature Schnauzer (MS). Dietary management of hypertriglyceridemia is important, but no studies are available.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate the effect of a commercially available low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in MS with hypertriglyceridemia.

Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol improves cardiac function and livability in broiler breeder hens-amelioration of blood pressure and vascular remodeling.

A supplement of 69 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3)/kg feed suppressed the mortality in feed-restricted broiler breeder hens and in hens allowed ad libitum feed intake (Ad-hens) in a feeding trial from age 26 to 60 wk. Outcomes for the mechanisms found that 25-OH-D3 relieved systemic hypoxia, pathological cardiac remodeling and arrhythmias, and hepatopathology to improve hens' livability. In the study, we further evaluated the effect of 25-OH-D3 on blood pressure and vascular remodeling relative to cardiac pathogenesis of sudden death (SD).

Producing high-oleic acid beef and the impact of ground beef consumption on risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A review.

This review summarizes the effects of high-oleic acid oil and high-oleic acid ground beef interventions on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human trials, and also summarizes studies designed to increase the amount of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in beef. In three human trials, high-oleic acid oils and high-oleic acid ground beef increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol over baseline values or over high-carbohydrate diets. Neither low-oleic acid nor high-oleic acid ground beef increased risk factors for CVD, confirming earlier studies that used high-oleic acid oils.

A novel NanoBiT-based assay monitors the interaction between lipoprotein lipase and GPIHBP1 in real time.

The hydrolysis of triglycerides in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by LPL is critical for the delivery of triglyceride-derived fatty acids to tissues, including heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. Physiologically active LPL is normally bound to the endothelial cell protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), which transports LPL across endothelial cells, anchors LPL to the vascular wall, and stabilizes LPL activity. Disruption of LPL-GPIHBP1 binding significantly alters triglyceride metabolism and lipid partitioning.

Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy control dogs.

Background: Previous studies have reported an association between hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis in dogs, but details of this association remain poorly defined.

Hypothesis/objectives: To compare serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles between dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy dogs.

Animals: Seventeen dogs with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis (Group 1) and 53 healthy control dogs (Group 2).

Dietary Supplementation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Improves Livability in Broiler Breeder Hens-Amelioration of Cardiac Pathogenesis and Hepatopathology.

A supplement of 69 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3)/kg feed increased livability in feed restricted (R-hens) broiler breeder hens by 9.9% and by 65.6% in hens allowed ad libitum feed intake (Ad-hens) in a feeding trial from age 26-60 weeks.

Effects of 1 year of exercise training versus combined exercise training and weight loss on body composition, low-grade inflammation and lipids in overweight patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized trial.

Background: Dyslipidaemia and low-grade inflammation are central in atherogenesis and linked to overweight and physical inactivity. Lifestyle changes are important in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). We compared the effects of combined weight loss and interval training with interval training alone on physical fitness, body composition, dyslipidaemia and low-grade inflammation in overweight, sedentary participants with CAD.

Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol improves livability in broiler breeder hens.

The study aimed to examine the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) on reproductive performance and livability in broiler breeder hens. Hens at age of 26 wk were continued on restricted rations (R) or allowed ad libitum feeding (Ad) to 60 wk of age. Ad-feed intake greatly impaired egg production and hens' livability.

Evaluation of density gradient ultracentrifugation serum lipoprotein profiles in healthy dogs and dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Changes in proportions of lipoprotein classes have been described in disease states in humans. In veterinary medicine, hyperlipidemia can cause complications, such as cutaneous xanthomas, liver disease, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, glomerular disease, lipemia retinalis, or peripheral neuropathy, but there are few reports regarding lipoproteins in diseased animals. For canine serum, we partially validated continuous lipoprotein density profiling (CLPDP), a novel density gradient ultracentrifugation technique.

Altered lipoprotein profiles in cats with hepatic lipidosis.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess serum lipoprotein profiles using rapid single-spin continuous lipoprotein density profiling (CLPDP) in healthy control cats and cats with hepatic lipidosis (HL).

Methods: Analysis of serum lipoprotein profiles using the CLPDP was performed in 23 cats with HL and 20 healthy control cats. The area under the curve for each lipoprotein fraction, triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), was calculated.

Ground Beef High in Total Fat and Saturated Fatty Acids Decreases X Receptor Signaling Targets in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Men and Women.

We hypothesized that consumption of saturated fatty acids in the form of high-fat ground beef for 5 weeks would depress liver X receptor signaling targets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and that changes in gene expression would be associated with the corresponding changes in lipoprotein cholesterol (C) concentrations. Older men (n = 5, age 68.0 ± 4.

Impaired thermogenesis and sharp increases in plasma triglyceride levels in GPIHBP1-deficient mice during cold exposure.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), an endothelial cell protein, binds LPL in the subendothelial spaces and transports it to the capillary lumen. In mice, LPL remains stranded in the subendothelial spaces, causing hypertriglyceridemia, but how mice respond to metabolic stress (e.g.

Phenamil, an amiloride derivative, restricts long bone growth and alters keeled-sternum bone architecture in growing chickens.

"Broiler-type" chickens are fast-grow-ing, heavy-bodied birds with high demands on bone quality. Phenamil increased mineralization in cultured murine mesenchymal stem cells. Phenamil effects were tested in 2 groups of weight and gender matched day-old broiler chickens (n = 13).