Estimated human intake of endogenous and exogenous hormones from beef in the United States.

Background: Endogenous and exogenous hormones may be present in beef. Human consumption of hormones has been linked to adverse health effects.

Objective: To estimate daily intake of hormonal growth promotants (HGP) from beef consumed by the US population.

Carbon dioxide guidelines for indoor air quality: a review.

Background: The importance of building ventilation to protect health has been more widely recognized since the COVID-19 pandemic. Outdoor air ventilation in buildings dilutes indoor-generated air pollutants (including bioaerosols) and reduces resulting occupant exposures. Many countries and organizations have advisory guidelines or mandatory standards for minimum ventilation rates (VRs) to maintain indoor air quality (IAQ).

The East Bay Diesel Exposure Project: a biomonitoring study of parents and their children in heavily impacted communities.

Background: Diesel exhaust (DE) exposures pose concerns for serious health effects, including asthma and lung cancer, in California communities burdened by multiple stressors.

Objective: To evaluate DE exposures in disproportionately impacted communities using biomonitoring and compare results for adults and children within and between families.

Methods: We recruited 40 families in the San Francisco East Bay area.

Predictors of pesticide levels in carpet dust collected from child care centers in Northern California, USA.

Background: Young children may be exposed to pesticides in child care centers, but little is known about determinants of pesticide contamination in these environments.

Objective: Characterize pesticide contamination in early care and education (ECE) centers and identify predictors of pesticide concentrations and loading in dust collected from classroom carpets.

Methods: Carpet dust samples were collected from 51 licensed child care centers in Northern California and analyzed for 14 structural and agricultural pesticides.

Dataset of FD&C Certified Food Dyes in Foods Commonly Consumed by Children.

This is dataset describing the levels of Food, Drug, & Cosmetic (FD&C) dye in juice drinks, breakfast cereals, frozen desserts, ice cream cones, fruit flavored soft drinks, frostings & icings, fruit snacks/candy, decoration chips for baking, water enhancers, and flavored fruit drink powder. Data values are organized by absolute values, averages, SDs and % RSD. High performance liquid chromatography with a photometric diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) was used to measure dye levels and generate the data.

Dietary Exposure to United States Food and Drug Administration-Approved Synthetic Food Colors in Children, Pregnant Women, and Women of Childbearing Age Living in the United States.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates artificial food colors (AFCs) in the United States. Exposure to AFCs has raised concerns about adverse behavioral effects in children. We quantified AFC exposure in women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and children and compared them to FDA and World Health Organization acceptable daily intakes (ADIs).

Quantification and Analysis of Micro-Level Activities Data from Children Aged 1-12 Years Old for Use in the Assessments of Exposure to Recycled Tire on Turf and Playgrounds.

Background: There are growing health concerns about exposure to toxicants released from recycled tire rubber, which is commonly used in synthetic turf and playground mats. To better estimate children's exposure and risk from recycled tire rubber used in synthetic turf and playground mats, there is a need to collect detailed accurate information on mouthing activity and dermal contact behaviors. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze micro-level activity time series (MLATS) data from children aged 1-12 years old while playing (non-sport-related games) at turf-like locations and playgrounds.

Preschool-Age Children's Pesticide Exposures in Child Care Centers and at Home in Northern California.

Introduction: Young children may be exposed to pesticides used in child care centers and their family homes. We examined pesticide use and environmental and behavioral factors potentially associated with child exposures in these settings.

Method: Preschool-age children (n = 125) wore silicone wristbands to assess pesticide exposures in their child care centers and home environments.

Organophosphate pesticide dose estimation from spot and 24-hr urine samples collected from children in an agricultural community.

Background: Spot urine samples are often used to assess exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides in place of "gold standard" 24-hr samples, which are cumbersome to collect. Assessment of non-persistent chemicals using spot urine samples may result in exposure misclassification that could bias epidemiological analyses towards the null. Few studies have examined the validity of measurements of urinary metabolites in spot samples to estimate daily OP dose or the potential implications of reliance on spot samples for risk assessments.

Dataset of certified food dye levels in over the counter medicines and vitamins intended for consumption by children and pregnant women.

Food, Drug, & Cosmetic (FD&C) dyes can be found in various products outside of food that are consumed by children. The amount of FD&C dyes used in commercial products is proprietary. Determining the contribution of dye intake from commercial products requires direct assessment of FD&C dyes in the products.

Residential proximity to agricultural fumigant use and respiratory health in 7-year old children.

Objectives: To examine the relationship between residential proximity to agricultural fumigant use and respiratory symptoms and lung function in 7-year old children.

Methods: Participants were 294 children living in the agricultural Salinas Valley, California and enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. We obtained information on respiratory symptoms and asthma medication use from maternal questionnaires and children performed spirometry to determine the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow 25-75% (FEF) at 7-years of age.

Residential proximity to agricultural fumigant use and IQ, attention and hyperactivity in 7-year old children.

Objectives: Our objective was to examine the relationship between residential proximity to agricultural fumigant use and neurodevelopment in 7-year old children.

Methods: Participants were living in the agricultural Salinas Valley, California and enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children Of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. We administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th Edition) to assess cognition and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (2nd Edition) to assess behavior.

Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort).

Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster 550 (FM 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure.

Home-based community health worker intervention to reduce pesticide exposures to farmworkers' children: A randomized-controlled trial.

We conducted a randomized-controlled trial of a home-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposures to farmworkers' children in Monterey County, California (n=116 families). The intervention consisted of three home-based educational sessions delivered by community health workers in Spanish. Measurements of organophosphate (OP) insecticide metabolites in child urine (n=106) and pesticides in home floor wipes (n=103) were collected before and after the intervention.

Phthalate exposure and risk assessment in California child care facilities.

Approximately 13 million U.S. children less than 6 years old spend some time in early childhood education (ECE) facilities where they may be exposed to potentially harmful chemicals during critical periods of development.

Variability of organophosphorous pesticide metabolite levels in spot and 24-hr urine samples collected from young children during 1 week.

Background: Dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in spot urine samples are frequently used to characterize children's exposures to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides. However, variable exposure and short biological half-lives of OP pesticides could result in highly variable measurements, leading to exposure misclassification.

Objective: We examined within- and between-child variability in DAP metabolites in urine samples collected during 1 week.

Organophosphorous pesticide breakdown products in house dust and children's urine.

Human exposure to preformed dialkylphosphates (DAPs) in food or the environment may affect the reliability of DAP urinary metabolites as biomarkers of organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure. We conducted a study to investigate the presence of DAPs in indoor residential environments and their association with children's urinary DAP levels. We collected dust samples from homes in farmworker and urban communities (40 homes total, n=79 samples) and up to two urine samples from resident children ages 3-6 years.

Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants historically used in textiles, furniture, and electronic products. Recent studies have documented widespread PBDE exposure to humans, with higher levels measured in children than adults. We analyzed 10 tri- to hepta-BDE congener levels in blood collected from 7-year old Mexican-American children living in an agriculture community in California (n = 272).

Determinants of serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort.

We measured levels of 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in serum collected during pregnancy and at delivery from 416 pregnant, predominantly immigrant, women living in Monterey County, CA. The most frequently detected congeners were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all components of the penta mixture, detected in >97% of samples. We used multivariable regression models to examine factors associated with exposure to individual PBDE congeners as well as their total summed concentration (ng/g lipid).