Sexually dimorphic phrase organization in the song of the indris (Indri indri).

Animal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, composed of multiple distinct acoustic units, which can vary in their degree of stereotypy. Studies of sequence variation may contribute to our understanding of the structural flexibility of primates' songs, which can provide essential ecological and behavioral information about variability at the individual, population, and specific level and provide insights into the mechanisms and drivers responsible for the evolutionary change of communicative traits. Several methods have been used for investigating different levels of structural information and sequence similarity in acoustic displays.

Evidence of genetic monogamy in the lemur Indri (Indri indri).

Monogamy is a rare strategy among mammals but relatively common among primates. The study of the evolution of monogamy in mammals and primates is lacking empirical studies that assess the relationship between a pair-living social organization and genetic monogamy. Sexual or genetic monogamy can only be assessed by performing molecular analyses and investigating rates of extra-pair paternity (EPP).

Finding Meanings in Low Dimensional Structures: Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Applied to the Analysis of Vocal Repertoire.

Although there is a growing number of researches focusing on acoustic communication, the lack of shared analytic approaches leads to inconsistency among studies. Here, we introduced a computational method used to examine 3360 calls recorded from wild indris () from 2005-2018. We split each sound into ten portions of equal length and, from each portion we extracted spectral coefficients, considering frequency values up to 15,000 Hz.

Female indris determine the rhythmic structure of the song and sustain a higher cost when the chorus size increases.

Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspring.

An intra-population analysis of the indris' song dissimilarity in the light of genetic distance.

The increasing interest in the evolution of human language has led several fields of research to focus on primate vocal communication. The 'singing primates', which produce elaborated and complex sequences of vocalizations, are of particular interest for this topic. Indris (Indri indri) are the only singing lemurs and emit songs whose most distinctive portions are "descending phrases" consisting of 2-5 units.

Behavioral correlates of extra-pair copulation in Indri indri.

Active pursuit of extra-pair mating has been reported for Indri indri, the socially monogamous largest living lemur. This study, conducted in a mountain rainforest in eastern Madagascar, presents the first evidence for extra-pair mating of indri and discusses the alternative mating strategy and alteration of the social, territorial, spatial, and vocal behavior of the adult female of a group of wild indris. Further studies may investigate whether extra-pair copulation is an attempt to breed with a partner of superior quality and thus lead to extra-pair paternity.