Disparities in prevalence of key chronic diseases by gender and race/ethnicity among antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected adults in the US.

Background: Certain sociodemographic subgroups of HIV-infected patients may experience more chronic disease than others due to behavioural risk factors, advanced HIV disease or complications from extended use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), but recent comparative data are limited.

Methods: We studied HIV-infected adult patients in care during 2006-2010 who had been prescribed ≥ 6 months of cART. We analysed the prevalence of selected key chronic conditions and polymorbidity (having 2 or more out of 10 key conditions) by gender and race/ethnicity.

CD4 Cell Counts at HIV Diagnosis among HIV Outpatient Study Participants, 2000-2009.

Background. It is unclear if CD4 cell counts at HIV diagnosis have improved over a 10-year period of expanded HIV testing in the USA. Methods.

Increased mortality among publicly insured participants in the HIV Outpatient Study despite HAART treatment.

Objective: Understanding mortality differences among HIV-infected patients can focus efforts to improve survival.

Design: We evaluated death rates, causes, and associated factors among treated patients in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), a large, prospective, multicenter observational cohort of HIV-infected persons seen at a diverse set of US sites of care.

Methods: Among 3754 HOPS participants seen during 1996-2007 with at least 6 months of follow-up after initiating HAART and receiving HAART at least 75% of time under observation ('substantially treated'), we calculated hazard ratios for death using proportional hazards regression models.

AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994-2007: a cohort study.

Objectives: To assess the incidence and spectrum of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (cART) era.

Design: A prospective cohort study of 8070 participants in the HIV Outpatient Study at 12 U.S.

Changes in the use of HIV antiretroviral resistance testing in a large cohort of U.S. patients, 1999 to 2006.

Introduction: Monitoring antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance is of growing importance in the management of persons infected with HIV, but few reports document how genotypic and phenotypic resistance testing (GPT) has been used among patients receiving routine outpatient care.

Methods: We studied data from participants in the HIV Outpatient Study seen at 10 HIV clinics in the United States during 1999 to 2006. We restricted analyses to patients whom we considered eligible for GPT (i.

Rates of hospitalizations and associated diagnoses in a large multisite cohort of HIV patients in the United States, 1994-2005.

Objectives: To assess temporal trends in the rates of hospitalizations and associated diagnoses among HIV-infected patients before and during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Design: A prospective cohort study of 7155 patients enrolled in the HIV Outpatient Study at 10 US HIV clinics.

Methods: We evaluated rates of hospitalizations for major categories of medical conditions during 1994-2005 and modeled trends in these rates using multivariable Poisson regression models for repeated observations.

Renal function in Tenofovir-exposed and Tenofovir-unexposed patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in the HIV Outpatient Study.

Background: Cases of renal dysfunction have been reported in HIV-infected patients taking tenofovir (TDF), but few large studies have examined population-level changes in renal function associated with TDF use in patients in routine care.

Methods: The authors analyzed data from participants in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) who had normal baseline renal function and received >1 month of TDF-containing (n = 593) or TDF-sparing (n = 521) HAART after November 1, 2001.

Results: Median baseline CrCl estimated by Cockcroft-Gault equation was 106 mL/min for TDF-exposed and 110 mL/min for TDF-unexposed patients (P = 0.

Increased body mass index does not alter response to initial highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) can influence drug metabolism, thus affecting efficacy and risk for toxicities. Hypothesizing that persons with an increased BMI and larger volumes of distribution may experience a suboptimal response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we evaluated the effect of BMI on virologic and immunologic response in previously ART-naive patients initiating therapy.

Methods: Using data from the HIV Outpatient Study, we analyzed the statistical association of BMI and other selected demographic variables with achieving an undetectable viral load and experiencing a CD4 cell count increase of more than 100 cell/microL after 3 to 9 months of therapy among antiretroviral-naive patients initiating HAART.

Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study.

Background: AIDS-related death and disease rates have declined in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era and remain low; however, current causes of death in HAART-treated patients remain ill defined.

Objective: To describe mortality trends and causes of death among HIV-infected patients in the HAART era.

Design: Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study of participants in the HIV Outpatient Study who were treated from January 1996 through December 2004.

Short-term safety and tolerability of didanosine combined with high- versus low-dose tenofovir disproxil fumarate in ambulatory HIV-1-infected persons.

Coadministration of didanosine (ddI) and tenofovir (TDF) results in increased ddI serum concentrations, which may lead to increased risk of ddI-associated toxicities. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of ddI/TDF, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patients seen in the HIV Outpatient Study, an ongoing dynamic cohort study of HIV-infected persons in clinical care. Study subjects were those who received at least 14 days of combined ddI/TDF before October 2003.

Hepatitis A and B vaccination practices for ambulatory patients infected with HIV.

Few studies exist of adherence to guidelines for vaccination of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis in the HIV Outpatient Study sites, 198 (32.4%) of 612 patients eligible for hepatitis B vaccine received at least 1 dose.

Influence of coinfection with hepatitis C virus on morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

To ascertain the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression and associated death in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we examined mortality rates, the presence of other diseases, and antiretroviral use in an observational cohort of 823 HIV-infected patients with and without HCV coinfection during the period of January 1996 through June 2001. Analyses were used to compare patient characteristics, comorbid conditions, and survival durations in HIV-infected and HIV-HCV-coinfected patients. HIV-HCV-coinfected persons did not have a statistically greater rate of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or of renal or cardiovascular disease, but they did have more cases of cirrhosis and transaminase elevations.

Prevalence and clinical correlates of HIV viremia ('blips') in patients with previous suppression below the limits of quantification.

Objective: To examine the prevalence and clinical correlates of subsequently measurable viremia in HIV-infected patients who have achieved viral suppression below the limits of quantification (< 50 copies/ml).

Design: Non-randomized dynamic cohort study of ambulatory HIV patients in nine HIV clinics in eight cities.

Patients: Patients had two consecutive HIV-1 RNA levels < 50 copies/ml (minimum, 2 months apart) that were followed by at least two more viral level determinations while remaining on the same antiretroviral therapy (ART) between January 1997 and June 2000 (median 485 days).