History of conditioned reward association disrupts inhibitory control: an examination of neural correlates.

The neural processes that support inhibitory control in the face of stimuli with a history of reward association are not yet well understood. Yet, the ability to flexibly adapt behavior to changing reward-contingency contexts is important for daily functioning and warrants further investigation. This study aimed to characterize neural and behavioral impacts of stimuli with a history of conditioned reward association on motor inhibitory control in healthy young adults by investigating group-level effects as well as individual variation in the ability to inhibit responses to stimuli with a reward history.

Computer-based inhibitory control training in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Evidence for behavioral and neural impact.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder of childhood. Medication and cognitive behavioral therapy are effective treatments for many children; however, adherence to medication and therapy regimens is low. Thus, identifying effective adjunct treatments is imperative.

Examining cognitive control and reward interactions in adolescent externalizing symptoms.

During adolescence, rapid development and reorganization of the dopaminergic system supports increasingly sophisticated reward learning and the ability to exert behavioral control. Disruptions in the ability to exert control over previously rewarded behavior may underlie some forms of adolescent psychopathology. Specifically, symptoms of externalizing psychopathology may be associated with difficulties in flexibly adapting behavior in the context of reward.

Registration-free analysis of diffusion MRI tractography data across subjects through the human lifespan.

Diffusion MRI tractography produces massive sets of streamlines that need to be clustered into anatomically meaningful white-matter bundles. Conventional clustering techniques group streamlines based on their proximity in Euclidean space. We have developed AnatomiCuts, an unsupervised method for clustering tractography streamlines based on their neighboring anatomical structures, rather than their coordinates in Euclidean space.

Spanish Linguistic Validation of the Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Effects on Life Outcomes: VELO-Spanish.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) assessments are useful tools that measure a patient's health status and monitor patient-reported outcome measures. This study highlights the process of linguistic validation of a QOL assessment to serve Spanish-speaking families and ultimately help decrease language barriers in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).

Methods: The standardized linguistic validation process included forward and backward translation, reconciliation, and cognitive interviews with patients and families.

Development of Prefrontal Cortical Connectivity and the Enduring Effect of Learned Value on Cognitive Control.

Inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress an inappropriate response, is a process employed for guiding action selection in the service of goal-directed behavior. Under neutral circumstances, inhibitory control success improves from childhood to adulthood and has been associated with developmental shifts in functional activation and connectivity of the PFC. However, the ability to exercise inhibitory control is challenged in certain contexts by including appetitive cues, a phenomenon that may be particularly pronounced in youths.

Spanish Linguistic Validation for the Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Effects on Life Outcomes.

This Research Letter describes the methodology of developing a Spanish translation of the VPI Effects on Life Outcomes (VELO) instrument through the linguistic validation.

MGH-USC Human Connectome Project datasets with ultra-high b-value diffusion MRI.

The MGH-USC CONNECTOM MRI scanner housed at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is a major hardware innovation of the Human Connectome Project (HCP). The 3T CONNECTOM scanner is capable of producing a magnetic field gradient of up to 300 mT/m strength for in vivo human brain imaging, which greatly shortens the time spent on diffusion encoding, and decreases the signal loss due to T2 decay. To demonstrate the capability of the novel gradient system, data of healthy adult participants were acquired for this MGH-USC Adult Diffusion Dataset (N=35), minimally preprocessed, and shared through the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging Image Data Archive (LONI IDA) and the WU-Minn Connectome Database (ConnectomeDB).