Developing an anatomically valid segmentation protocol for anterior regions of the medial temporal lobe for neurodegenerative diseases.

Background: The anterior portion of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is one of the first regions targeted by pathology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE) indicating a potential for metrics from this region to serve as imaging biomarkers. Leveraging a unique post-mortem dataset of histology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans we aimed to 1) develop an anatomically valid segmentation protocol for anterior entorhinal cortex (ERC), Brodmann Area (BA) 35, and BA36 for in vivo 3 tesla (T) MRI and 2) incorporate this protocol in an automated approach.

Methods: We included 20 cases (61-97 years old, 50% females) with and without neurodegenerative diseases (11 vs.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Correlation of Human Temporal Lobe Landmarks in 3D Euclidean Space: A Study of Control and Epilepsy Disease Subjects.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of great importance to patients and society. Sclerosis is associated with neuronal loss and neurodegeneration in specific regions of the hippocampal formation. The hippocampal formation and temporal lobe are not the only regions affected; the chronicity of the disease extends the involvement to other brain regions.

Anatomy, histology and ultrastructure of the adult human olfactory peduncle: Blood vessel and corpora amylacea assessment.

The mammalian olfactory system is responsible for processing environmental chemical stimuli and comprises several structures, including the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle (OP), and olfactory cortices. Despite the critical role played by the OP in the conduction of olfactory information, it has remained understudied. In this work, optical, confocal, and electron microscopy were employed to examine the anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure of six human OP specimens (ages 37-84 years).

, perfusion protocol for human brain fixation compatible with microscopy, MRI techniques, and anatomical studies.

We present a method for human brain fixation based on simultaneous perfusion of 4% paraformaldehyde through carotids after a flush with saline. The left carotid cannula is used to perfuse the body with 10% formalin, to allow further use of the body for anatomical research or teaching. The aim of our method is to develop a vascular fixation protocol for the human brain, by adapting protocols that are commonly used in experimental animal studies.

Feasibility of Telemedicine in the Management Strategy of Patients With Lymphoma Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: Prospective Observational Study.

Background: On March 14, 2020, a state of alarm was declared in Spain due to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Beyond this date, COVID-19 in the country changed the practice of oncologic care.

Objective: Since recurrent hospital visits were a potential risk factor for contagion, the aim of this prospective observational study was to analyze the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the health care of patients with lymphoma.

Ex vivo MRI atlas of the human medial temporal lobe: characterizing neurodegeneration due to tau pathology.

Tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is closely linked to neurodegeneration, and is the early pathological change associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To elucidate patterns of structural change in the MTL specifically associated with tau pathology, we compared high-resolution ex vivo MRI scans of human postmortem MTL specimens with histology-based pathological assessments of the MTL. MTL specimens were obtained from twenty-nine brain donors, including patients with AD, other dementias, and individuals with no known history of neurological disease.

Downstream effects of polypathology on neurodegeneration of medial temporal lobe subregions.

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a nidus for neurodegenerative pathologies and therefore an important region in which to study polypathology. We investigated associations between neurodegenerative pathologies and the thickness of different MTL subregions measured using high-resolution post-mortem MRI. Tau, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), amyloid-β and α-synuclein pathology were rated on a scale of 0 (absent)-3 (severe) in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (ERC) of 58 individuals with and without neurodegenerative diseases (median age 75.

Glioblastoma Proximity to the Lateral Ventricle Alters Neurogenic Cell Populations of the Subventricular Zone.

Despite current strategies combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Tumor location plays a key role in the prognosis of patients, with GBM tumors located in close proximity to the lateral ventricles (LVs) resulting in worse survival expectancy and higher incidence of distal recurrence. Though the reason for worse prognosis in these patients remains unknown, it may be due to proximity to the subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche contained within the lateral wall of the LVs.

Three-dimensional mapping of neurofibrillary tangle burden in the human medial temporal lobe.

Tau protein neurofibrillary tangles are closely linked to neuronal/synaptic loss and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Our knowledge of the pattern of neurofibrillary tangle progression in the human brain, critical to the development of imaging biomarkers and interpretation of in vivo imaging studies in Alzheimer's disease, is based on conventional two-dimensional histology studies that only sample the brain sparsely. To address this limitation, ex vivo MRI and dense serial histological imaging in 18 human medial temporal lobe specimens (age 75.

Medicago truncatula Yellow Stripe-Like7 encodes a peptide transporter participating in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are a family of plant transporters that are typically involved in transition metal homeostasis. Three of the four YSL clades (I, II and IV) transport metals complexed with the non-proteinogenic amino acid nicotianamine or its derivatives. No such capability has been shown for any member of clade III, but the link between these YSLs and metal homeostasis could be masked by functional redundancy.

Medicago truncatula Ferroportin2 mediates iron import into nodule symbiosomes.

Iron is an essential cofactor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, required by many of the enzymes involved, including signal transduction proteins, O homeostasis systems, and nitrogenase itself. Consequently, host plants have developed a transport network to deliver essential iron to nitrogen-fixing nodule cells. Ferroportin family members in model legume Medicago truncatula were identified and their expression was determined.

Neuronal volume of the hippocampal regions in ageing.

The hippocampal formation (HF) has an important role in different human capacities, such as memory processing and emotional expression. Both extensive changes and limited variations of its components can cause clinically expressed dysfunctions. Although there remains no effective treatment for diseases caused by pathological changes in this brain region, detection of these changes, even minimally, could allow us to develop early interventions and establish corrective measures.

Genomic Diversity in the Endosymbiotic Bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum.

bv. is a soil α-proteobacterium that establishes a diazotrophic symbiosis with different legumes of the tribe. The number of genome sequences from rhizobial strains available in public databases is constantly increasing, although complete, fully annotated genome structures from rhizobial genomes are scarce.

Neurogenesis, Neurodegeneration, Interneuron Vulnerability, and Amyloid-β in the Olfactory Bulb of APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, mostly idiopathic and with palliative treatment. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein and extracellular plaques of amyloid β peptides. The relationship between AD and neurogenesis is unknown, but two facts are particularly relevant.

Hippocampal α-synuclein and interneurons in Parkinson's disease: Data from human and mouse models.

Background: Dementia is a nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease, arising around the onset of hippocampal pathology in stage IV of the disease, from where it progress to the isocortex. Differential α-synuclein involvement in hippocampal interneuron populations remains unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the involvement of α-synuclein in hippocampal interneurons in an α-synucleinopathy mouse model and in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients.

Interneurons in the human olfactory system in Alzheimer's disease.

The principal olfactory structures display Alzheimer's disease (AD) related pathology at early stages of the disease. Consequently, olfactory deficits are among the earliest symptoms. Reliable olfactory tests for accurate clinical diagnosis are rarely made.

Olfactory and cortical projections to bulbar and hippocampal adult-born neurons.

New neurons are continually generated in the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus during adulthood. In the subventricular zone, neuroblasts migrate a long distance to the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into granule or periglomerular interneurons. In the hippocampus, neuroblasts migrate a short distance from the subgranular zone to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus to become granule neurons.

α-Synuclein staging in the amygdala of a Parkinson's disease model: cell types involved.

Lewy bodies (ubiquitin and α-synuclein aggregates) can be detected in brain areas in a predictable sequence of six neuropathological stages in Parkinson's disease. Brainstem and olfactory structures are involved in stage 1, whereas the substantia nigra and amygdala are involved in stage 3, prior to cortical spreading. Amygdaloid pathology has been suggested to contribute to non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction and emotional impairment.

Interneurons, tau and amyloid-β in the piriform cortex in Alzheimer's disease.

Impaired olfaction has been described as an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroanatomical changes underlying this deficit in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Interestingly, neuropathology begins in the transentorhinal cortex and extends to the neighboring limbic system and basal telencephalic structures that mediate olfactory processing, including the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb.

α-Synuclein in the olfactory system in Parkinson's disease: role of neural connections on spreading pathology.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Neuropathologically, intracellular aggregates of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites appear in particular brain areas according to a sequence of stages. Clinical diagnosis is usually established when motor symptoms are evident (corresponding to Braak stage III or later), years or even decades after onset of the disease.

Interneurons and beta-amyloid in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle in APPxPS1 transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease.

Impaired olfaction has been described as an early symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroanatomical changes underlying this deficit in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Given that interneuron populations are crucial in olfactory information processing, we have quantitatively analyzed somatostatin- (SOM), parvalbumin- (PV), and calretinin-expressing (CR) cells in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and olfactory tubercle in PS1 x APP double transgenic mice model of AD.