Non-exudative OCT findings in neovascular AMD.

In this narrative review we describe the main optical coherence tomography biomarkers appearing in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that do not directly correspond to exudation. We highlight those signs that may mimic exudation and therefore do not require active treatment, such as outer retinal tubulations, pseudocysts, lipid globules, or hyporeflective wedges. Other signs may indicate impending exudation such as hyperreflective foci or shallow irregular retinal pigment epithelium elevation, and therefore should be carefully monitored.

Scan speed affects quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography vascular metrics.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) offers the possibility of obtaining objective quantification of retinal vasculature, with increasing utility as biomarkers for both systemic and ocular diseases. However, the differences between different manufacturers and scan settings are still an important limitation, as many parameters could affect vessel quantification. Here we aim to study the influence of scan speed on quantitative vascular parameters using OCTA.

Topographical Quantification of Retinal Fluid in Type 3 MNV and Associations With Short-Term Visual Outcomes.

Purpose: This study aims to quantify the volume of intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), and subretinal pigment epithelium (sub-RPE) fluid in treatment-naïve Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV) eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to investigate the correlation of these fluid volumes with visual acuity (VA) outcomes at baseline and following antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment.

Design: Retrospective, clinical cohort study.

Methods: In this study, we analyzed patients diagnosed with exudative AMD and treatment-naïve Type 3 MNV undergoing a loading dose of anti-VEGF therapy.

Astigmatism Influences Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to study the influence of astigmatism in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images in a quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. We included 110 eyes of 110 patients: 20 eyes without astigmatism and 90 eyes with astigmatism ≥0.

Optical coherence tomography biomarkers in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: A clinical guide.

Advanced forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterised by atrophic and neovascular changes, are a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly population worldwide. Prior to the development of advanced AMD, a myriad of risk factors from the early and intermediate stages of AMD have been published in the scientific literature over the last years. The ability to precisely recognise structural and anatomical changes in the ageing macula, altogether with the understanding of the individual risk implications of each one of them is key for an accurate and personalised diagnostic assessment.

Multilayered Exudative Bacillary Layer Detachment in Active Choroidal Neovascularization: A New Optical Coherence Tomography Sign.

In this article, we present three cases diagnosed with active choroidal neovascularization (CNV): two cases diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), and one case with myopic CNV in an elderly eye that presented a characteristic and unique optical coherence tomography (OCT) sign consisting of well-defined, circular-shaped multiple concentric layers of alternating iso-hyperreflective material located between the external limiting membrane and outer photoreceptor layers, which seems to be a multilayered bacillary layer detachment (BALAD). Multilayered exudative BALAD in active CNV may be a new and characteristic OCT sign. .

CENTRAL BOUQUET HEMORRHAGE: Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Features.

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics, multimodal imaging features, and anatomic basis of a distinctive pattern of deep retinal hemorrhages located in the central fovea, a presentation referred to as "central bouquet hemorrhage."

Methods: Retrospective, observational, multicenter case series of eyes with central bouquet hemorrhage. Multimodal imaging features were reviewed and analyzed.

THE EFFECT OF INCREASING ACQUISITION SPEED ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGES: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of two different A-scan rates on qualitative and quantitative parameters on optical coherence tomography angiography images in a clinical setting.

Methods: Subjects undergoing a comprehensive ophthalmic examination were scheduled for optical coherence tomography angiography imaging using a new SPECTRALIS device allowing for 85 and 125 kHz scan rate. Consecutive registered 20° × 20° optical coherence tomography angiography images using both speeds were acquired using the follow-up tool.

Retinal neurodegeneration in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by the damage of the unit comprised of the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris. Although the outer retina appears to be mainly affected in this disorder, several evidences exhibit that also the inner retina may be impaired. In this review we will provide a description of the prominent histologic and imaging findings suggesting an inner retinal loss in these eyes.

Acute macular neuroretinopathy following Moderna COVID-19 vaccination.

Purpose: To describe the occurrence of an acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) after administration of a Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine.

Methods: Case report.

Results: A 23-year-old female presented bilateral visual loss one week after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM PHENOTYPE OF IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS.

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging features of a distinctive subtype of active idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (iMFC) lesions with grey-yellow chorioretinal lesions surrounded by smaller satellite dots, a presentation referred to as "chrysanthemum lesions."

Methods: Retrospective, observational, multicenter case series of eyes with active iMFC and chrysanthemum lesions. Multimodal imaging features were reviewed and presented.

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AS A HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE IMAGING MODALITY IN SUBRETINAL HYPERREFLECTIVE MATERIAL.

Purpose: To describe the utility of high dynamic range optical coherence tomography imaging to study subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Methods: Clinical information including visual acuity and optical coherence tomography images (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) of patients undergoing antiangiogenic treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and showing SHRM at baseline were retrospectively reviewed. Contrast between strong signal structures (high dynamic range image) reclassifying SHRM as hyperreflective (HyperR), isoreflective, and hyporeflective was increased.

Use of Artificial Tears in Patients Undergoing Treatment with Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections.

Purpose: To analyze the use of artificial tears in patients undergoing treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections.

Methods: Thirty-four eyes undergoing anti-VEGF treatment were analyzed. Each patient underwent a subjective and objective evaluation of the ocular surface, using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ)-5, tear meniscus height (TMH), first and average non-invasive Keratograph Break-Up Time (NIKBUT), bulbar conjunctival redness, meibography and the Vision Break-Up Time (VBUT).

Atypical acute fovealitis in COVID-19 context.

Purpose: To describe the clinical and multimodal imaging findings, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) in a case presenting with acute fovealitis after COVID-19 infection, and its differential diagnosis.

Observations: A 39-year-old man presenting with acute central metamorphopsia in his right eye (OD) right after positive test for COVID-19 underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color fundus (CF) examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Baseline BCVA was 20/40 in his OD and fundus examination showed small inferior juxtafoveal hemorrhages with no other vascular abnormalities or peripheral changes.

Review for Diagnostics of the Year: Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization - Imaging Update.

Inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (iCNV) is a rare complication of uveitis but is a major cause of vision compromise in affected patients. Fluorescein angiography (FA) has been the gold standard for diagnosis. However, it is an invasive modality and when used alone, it might be difficult to distinguish iCNV from inflammatory lesions.

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after uneventful delivery in a healthy woman.

Introduction: Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of optic nerve swelling and optic neuropathy in adults over 50 years of age. It has been rarely reported during pregnancy, mostly related to systemic and ocular predisposing conditions.

Case Report: We report the case of a 44 years-old healthy female with no previous remarkable clinical history.

Anti-retinal IgG antibodies in patients with early and advanced type 2 macular telangiectasia.

Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel-2) is a progressive adult-onset macular disease associated with bilateral perifoveal vascular changes, Muller cell degeneration and increased blood-retinal barrier permeability. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MacTel-2 remain unclear, however it was previously reported that anti-retinal antibodies in MacTel-2 patients are a significant feature of the disease. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of anti-retinal antibodies in patients MacTel-2, healthy controls and patients with other retinal diseases.

Key Multimodal Fundus Imaging Findings to Recognize Multifocal Choroiditis in Patients With Pathological Myopia.

Myopia represents a major socioeconomic burden with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Pathologic myopia refers to myopic patients with structural changes in the posterior pole including different patterns of chorioretinal atrophy, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and vitreomacular tractional diseases. Multifocal choroiditis (MFC) is one of the most frequent noninfectious posterior uveitis, and epidemiologically typically affects young myopic females.

Significance of Hyperreflective Foci as an Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarker in Retinal Diseases: Characterization and Clinical Implications.

Hyperreflective foci (HRF) is a term coined to depict hyperreflective dots or roundish lesions within retinal layers visualized through optical coherence tomography (OCT). Histopathological correlates of HRF are not univocal, spacing from migrating retinal pigment epithelium cells, lipid-laden macrophages, microglial cells, and extravasated proteinaceous or lipid material. Despite this, HRF can be considered OCT biomarkers for disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis in several retinal diseases, including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusions, and inherited retinal dystrophies.

Advanced OCT Analysis of Biopsy-proven Vitreoretinal Lymphoma.

Purpose: Although diagnosing vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) can be challenging, early detection is critical for visual prognosis. We analyzed the spectrum of optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in patients with biopsy-proven VRL and correlate these features with clinical parameters.

Design: This retrospective cross-sectional study was a multicenter chart review from 13 retina, uveitis, and ocular oncology clinics worldwide from 2008 to 2019.

Risk of Posterior Capsular Rupture during Phacoemulsification in Patients with the History of Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections: Results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) Group.

Purpose: To assess the risk for capsular rupture during routine phacoemulsification in patients with a history of anti-VEGF injections and other possible risk modifiers such as treatment patterns, type of anti-VEGF agent, and experience of the surgeon, among others.

Methods: This study reviewed the medical records of 11,129 patients from 7 different hospitals in 5 countries. The study included 939 patients that underwent routine phacoemulsification and had a history of anti-VEGF therapy.

Five-year outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab of treatment-naive eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO in routine clinical practice: Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) group.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the 5-year outcomes of treatment-naive eyes with cystoid macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal bevacizumab in routine clinical practice.

Methods: We conducted multicenter retrospective non-comparative case series of 102 eyes. The main outcome measured was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 5 years.

Quantitative Parameters from OCT Angiography in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy and in Those with Only Peripheral Retinopathy Compared with Control Participants.

Purpose: To describe the differences in a range of quantitative OCT angiography (OCTA) metrics across early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), providing robust effect estimates as well as sensitivity and specificity.

Design: Cross-sectional study with population-based sampling.

Participants: Four hundred forty-one eyes from 296 individuals: 328 control eyes (no diabetes mellitus [DM] and no DR), 55 eyes with DM and no DR, and 58 eyes with early nonproliferative DR.

Fluid as a critical biomarker in neovascular age-related macular degeneration management: literature review and consensus recommendations.

Current guidelines on the management of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) lack clear recommendations on the interpretation of fluid as seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and the incorporation of this information into an ongoing disease treatment strategy. Our objective was to review current guidelines and scientific evidence on the role of fluid as a biomarker in the management of nAMD, and develop a clinically oriented, practical algorithm for diagnosis and management based on a consensus of expert European retinal specialists. PubMed was searched for articles published since 2006 relating to the role of fluid in nAMD.

Use in clinical practice of an automated screening method of diabetic retinopathy that can be derived using a diagnostic artificial intelligence system.

Background And Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of an autonomous diagnostic artificial intelligence (AI) system for the diagnosis of derivable diabetic retinopathy (RDR) with manual classification.

Materials And Methods: Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes participated in a diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program between 2011-2012. 2 images of each eye were collected.