A Digital Workflow for Automated Assessment of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using QuPath and a StarDist-Based Model.

The search for reliable prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a critical need. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), particularly T lymphocytes, play a pivotal role in the immune response against tumors and are strongly correlated with favorable prognoses. Computational pathology has proven highly effective for histopathological image analysis, automating tasks such as cell detection, classification, and segmentation.

A machine learning approach to predict HPV positivity of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

HPV status is an important prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), with HPV-positive tumors associated with better overall survival. To determine HPV status, we rely on the immunohistochemical investigation for expression of the P16 protein, which must be associated with molecular investigation for the presence of viral DNA. We aim to define a criterion based on image analysis and machine learning to predict HPV status from hematoxylin/eosin stain.

Interventional cytopathologist perspective on the Milan System Classification: a study on 929 consecutive salivary gland fine-needle aspirations with a focus on challenging diagnostic categories.

Background: Although the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) has improved the diagnosis and management of salivary gland lesions, determining the risk of malignancy (ROM) for AUS and SUMP categories remains challenging. We investigated the role of interventional cytopathologists in refining the differential diagnosis of these categories.

Methods: We searched for salivary gland fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) performed at our Institution since the publication of the first edition of MSRSGC.

Leveraging deep learning for identification and segmentation of "CAF-1/p60-positive" nuclei in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples.

In the current study, we introduced a unique method for identifying and segmenting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) nuclei, concentrating on those predicted to have significant CAF-1/p60 protein expression. Our suggested model uses the StarDist architecture, a deep-learning framework designed for biomedical image segmentation tasks. The training dataset comprises painstakingly annotated masks created from tissue sections previously stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and then restained with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p60 protein.

Time to Recurrence of Intracranial Meningiomas from a Monoinstitutional Surgical Series.

Background: Meningiomas show variable tendency to recur. While risk factors of recurrence have been largely investigated in literature, a paucity of data is available on the time to recurrence. Our purpose was to identify main factors affecting the time to recurrence to assist preoperative treatment decision-making strategy and to define a tailored clinical and neuroradiological follow-up.

A deep learning model to predict Ki-67 positivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Anatomical pathology is undergoing its third revolution, transitioning from analogical to digital pathology and incorporating new artificial intelligence technologies into clinical practice. Aside from classification, detection, and segmentation models, predictive models are gaining traction since they can impact diagnostic processes and laboratory activity, lowering consumable usage and turnaround time. Our research aimed to create a deep-learning model to generate synthetic Ki-67 immunohistochemistry from Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained images.

Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Gonadotroph Pituitary Tumors According to the WHO Classification.

Since 2017, hormone-negative pituitary neuroendocrine tumors expressing the steroidogenic factor SF1 have been recognized as gonadotroph tumors (GnPT) but have been poorly studied. To further characterize their bio-clinical spectrum, 54 GnPT defined by immunostaining for FSH and/or LH (group 1, n = 41) or SF1 only (group 2, n = 13) were compared and studied for SF1, βFSH, βLH, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCND1, caspase 3, D2R, and AIP gene expression by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry for AIP and/or D2R was performed in representative cases.

Immunohistochemical expression of PRAME is a marker of poor prognosis in uveal melanoma: A clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical study on a series of 85 cases.

PReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen, first isolated in tumor-reactive T-cell clones from a metastatic melanoma patient. It has been widely studied in skin pathology as an immunohistochemical marker capable of distinguishing between benign nevi and malignant melanomas. PRAME has been found to be also expressed in non-melanocytic tumors, including lung, breast, kidney and ovarian cancer.

Outcomes of Thoracoscopic Lobectomy after Recent COVID-19 Infection.

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak had a massive impact on lung cancer patients with the rise in the incidence and mortality of lung cancer.

Methods: We evaluated whether a recent COVID-19 infection affected the outcome of patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer using a retrospective observational mono-centric study conducted between January 2020 and August 2022. Postoperative complications and 90-day mortality were reported.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Activates Human Lung Macrophages.

COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of spike protein to ACE2 on the host cells.

Immunotherapy for Aggressive and Metastatic Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNETs): State-of-the Art.

Background: Aggressive and metastatic PitNETs are challenging conditions. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently considered in cases resistant to temozolomide (TMZ). However, clinical experience is essentially limited to case reports, with variable outcomes.

Human Lung-Resident Macrophages Express and Are Targets of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine highly expressed by epithelial cells and several innate and adaptive immune cells. TSLP exerts its biological effects by binding to a heterodimeric complex composed of TSLP receptor (TSLPR) and IL-7Rα. In humans, there are two TSLP isoforms: the short form (sfTSLP), constitutively expressed, and the long form (lfTSLP), which is upregulated in inflammation.

Neuropilin-1 Expression Associates with Poor Prognosis in HNSCC and Elicits EGFR Activation upon CDDP-Induced Cytotoxic Stress.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes a group of aggressive malignancies characterized by the overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 90% of cases. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) acts as an EGFR co-receptor, enhancing, upon ligand stimulation, EGFR signaling in several cellular models. However, NRP-1 remains poorly characterized in HNSCC.

Tissue Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Correlates to More Aggressive Phenotype of Basal Cell Carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in the white-skinned population accounting for about 15% of all neoplasms. Its incidence is increasing worldwide, at a rate of about 10% per year. BCC, although infrequently metastasizing, very often causes extensive tissue losses, due to the high propensity toward stromal infiltration, particularly in its dedifferentiated forms, with disfiguring and debilitating results.

Low-Grade Intraductal Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Low-grade intraductal carcinoma is a rare neoplasia with an excellent prognosis, previously classified as low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma and low-grade salivary duct carcinoma. The tumor mainly occurs in the parotid gland and presents a ductal phenotype and an intraductal/intracystic growth pattern. It resembles intraductal breast lesions such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, papillary and cribriform ductal carcinoma in situ.

[Two cases of EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma treated with bronchial recanalization and first-line therapy with afatinib.].

In 2019, we admitted two non-smoking patients with severe dyspnea from invasion of the main airway due to lung cancer. The patients were 57 and 67 years old; both presented with critical stenosis due to infiltration of the right main bronchus and in both cases, due to severe respiratory insufficiency, an indication of unclogging of the right stenotic main bronchus with rigid bronchoscope and Laser yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP)-Nd in the operating room was given. At the end of the recanalization operation, a tracheobronchial prothesis, the GSS-Y 40x30x30 mm by Novatech, was positioned in Case 1; a nitinol self-expanding prothesis, the SILMET® 14x40 mm by Novatech, was positioned in Case 2.

Expression of P16INK4a in Uveal Melanoma: New Perspectives.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults. Despite sharing the name and similar morphological features with cutaneous melanoma (CM), it is an entirely different neoplasia with a particular genetic background and clinical behavior. CDKN2A is a gene located at chromosome 9p21, encoding for P16INK4a and P14(ARF) proteins, whose role as a tumor suppressor has been clearly defined in many malignant tumors.

Influence of different post-contrast time points on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI T staging in breast cancer.

Purpose: to assess whether MRI T stage of breast cancer lesions (BCLs) is affected by maximum diameter (MD) measured at different post-contrast time points (TPs) on different acquisition planes on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI sequence.

Methods: 53 DCE-MRI examinations of patients with BCLs were retrospectively selected. MD of BCLs was measured on axial, coronal and sagittal planes on DCE images at five different post-contrast TPs.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma with double negative calcitonin and CEA: a case report and update of literature review.

Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a malignant uncommon and aggressive tumour of the parafollicular C cells. In about 75% of cases it is sporadic while, in case of RET mutation, it is associated to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (25% of cases). The biochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma include the production of calcitonin and carcinoembryogenic antigen.