Twenty year analysis of professional men's rugby union knee injuries from the English premiership shows high rates and burden.

Objectives: To determine the rates, severity and burden of knee injuries in professional male rugby union from the English Premiership.

Methods: Injury and exposure data were captured over 20 seasons using a prospective cohort design. Knee injury incidence, days' absence and burden were recorded for each injury type and by pitch surface type for match and training.

MRI classification of calf injuries - a reliability study and correlation with return to play in professional rugby players.

Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of the calf injury classification system proposed by the Olympic Park group which focuses on connective tissue structure integrity on MRI.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study analysing calf muscle group injuries in an English Premiership professional rugby union club using the MRI classification proposed by the Olympic Park group. Classification on MRI examinations of 28 calf injuries sustained over a 6-year period was performed by three independent musculoskeletal radiologists to determine the inter-observer variability and correlation of the grade of injury with return-to-full-training (RTFT) time.

Age differences in item selection behaviors and subsequent memory for new foreign language vocabulary: Evidence for a region of proximal learning heuristic.

We examined younger and older adults' item selection behaviors to assess heuristics for self-regulating learning of English meanings of Chinese characters varying widely in figural complexity. Two study-test trials were used to assess whether (a) item selection behaviors on the first study opportunity would show evidence for a difficulty-based heuristic as posited by Metcalfe's (2002) region of proximal learning (RPL) theory, or alternatively, influences of habitual English-language reading order (i.e.

The region of proximal learning heuristic and adult age differences in self-regulated learning.

Younger, middle-aged, and older adults were asked to study 36 Chinese-English vocabulary pairs of different complexity levels from grids where presentation order was randomized and no information about item complexity was provided. Of interest was whether participants' item selection and study time allocation would initially favor simple items, as predicted by Metcalfe's (2002) region of proximal learning (RPL) model, or complex items, as suggested by the discrepancy reduction model (DRM; Nelson & Leonesio, 1988), when participants had to select items based on something other than similarity to English. Each age group gauged item complexity similarly and made a similar use of the RPL heuristic in initial selection and study behaviors.