Early influenza virus exposure shapes the B cell response to influenza vaccination in individuals 50 years later.

Pre-existing immunity impacts vaccine responses to influenza, but directly connecting influenza infections early in life with immune responses decades later is difficult. However, H2N2 stopped circulating in the human population in 1968, creating the opportunity to directly evaluate the impact of early H2N2 exposure on vaccine responses 50 years later. Here, we vaccinated individuals born before (H2 exposed) or after (H2 naive) 1968 with an H2 hemagglutinin (HA) DNA plasmid and/or a ferritin nanoparticle vaccine.

Clinical drug therapies and biologicals currently used or in clinical trial to treat COVID-19.

The potential emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of escaping vaccine-generated immune responses poses a looming threat to vaccination efforts and will likely prolong the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the prevalence of beta coronaviruses circulating in animals and the precedent they have set in jumping into human populations indicates that they pose a continuous threat for future pandemics. Currently, only one therapeutic is approved by the U.