Ivabradine restores tonic cardiovascular autonomic control and reduces tachycardia, hypertension and left ventricular inflammation in post-weaning protein malnourished rats.

Unlabelled: Malnutrition results in autonomic imbalance and heart hypertrophy. Overexpression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN) in the left ventricles (LV) is linked to hypertrophied hearts and abnormal myocardium automaticity. Given that ivabradine (IVA) has emerging pleiotropic effects, in addition to the widely known bradycardic response, this study evaluated if IVA treatment could repair the autonomic control and cardiac damages in malnourished rats.

An attenuated herpesvirus vectored vaccine candidate induces T-cell responses against highly conserved porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus M and NSP5 proteins that are unable to control infection.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a leading cause of economic loss in pig farming worldwide. Existing commercial vaccines, all based on modified live or inactivated PRRSV, fail to provide effective immunity against the highly diverse circulating strains of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective and broadly active PRRSV vaccines.

Oropouche virus infection induces ROS production and oxidative stress in liver and spleen of mice.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is the aetiological agent of Oropouche fever, the symptoms of which are common to most arboviruses, such as fever, headache, malaise, nausea and vomiting. More than half a million people have been infected with OROV since its isolation in 1955. Although Oropouche fever is classified as a neglected and emerging disease, to date, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines available against the infection and little is known about its pathogenicity.

The Use of an Adjuvant System Improves Innate and Adaptive Immune Response When Associated with a () Antigen in a Vaccine Candidate against () Infection.

Background: The adjuvants' optimal dose and the administration route can directly influence the epitope recognition patterns and profiles of innate response. We aimed to establish the effect and the optimal dose of adjuvant systems for proposing a vaccine candidate to be employed with () .

Methods: We evaluated the adjuvants saponin (SAP), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and resiquimod (R-848) isolated and combined as adjuvant systems in a lower dose corresponding to 25%, 33%, and 50% of each adjuvant total dose.

CD4 T-lymphocytes from asymptomatic dogs infected with Leishmania infantum are able to activate macrophages for higher leishmanicidal ability in an in vitro co-culture experiment.

Dogs are the most common domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, making canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) a serious public health issue. Identifying new methodologies that can mimic lymphoid and myeloid competence in naturally infected dogs could lower costs and save time in preliminary screenings of potential immunotherapeutic agents and vaccines against CVL. For that, we established a cell-to-cell communication approach between lymphocytes and myeloid cells from healthy, asymptomatic (infected, without apparent clinical signs) and symptomatic (infected with apparent clinical signs) dogs.

Immunoprophylaxis using polypeptide chimera vaccines plus adjuvant system promote Th1 response controlling the spleen parasitism in hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis.

In recent years, several advances have been observed in vaccinology especially for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). One of the tools employed is epitope prediction by immunoinformatic approaches that reduce the time and cost to develop a vaccine. In this scenario, immunoinformatics is being more often used to develop vaccines for NTDs, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is proven not to have an effective vaccine yet.

Development of an immunogen containing CD4/CD8 T-cell epitopes for the prophylaxis of tegumentary leishmaniasis.

Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease of high severity and incidence in Brazil, and Leishmania braziliensis is its main etiological agent. The inefficiency of control measures, such as high toxicity and costs of current treatments and the lack of effective immunoprophylactic strategies, makes the development of vaccines indispensable and imminent. In this light, the present work developed a gene encoding multiple T-cell (CD4/CD8) epitope, derived from conserved proteins found in Leishmania species and associated with TL, to generate a chimeric protein (rMEP/TL) and compose a vaccine formulation.

Heterologous vaccine therapy associated with half course of Miltefosine promote activation of the proinflammatory response with control of splenic parasitism in a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious and neglected disease present worldwide. Chemotherapy using pentavalent antimony (Sb) is the most practical and inexpensive strategy available for the VL treatment today, however, it has high toxicity. Alternatively, other drugs are used as viable leishmanicidal therapeutic options.

Immunochemotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: combinatorial action of Miltefosine plus LBSapMPL vaccine improves adaptative Th1 immune response with control of splenic parasitism in experimental hamster model.

The control of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hard since there are no vaccines available as well as the treatment is hampered by toxicity and resistant parasites. Furthermore, as human, and canine VL causes immunosuppression, the combination of drugs with immunostimulatory agents is interesting to upregulate the immunity, reducing side-effects, improving treatment approaches against disease. Herein, we assessed the immunochemotherapy using miltefosine along with a vaccine formulated by Leishmania braziliensis antigens + saponin + monophosphoryl lipid-A (LBSapMPL) in L.

IL-10 receptor blockade controls the in vitro infectivity of Leishmania infantum and promotes a Th1 activation in PBMC of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.

An important strategy to reduce the risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in humans is to control the infection and disease progression in dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum parasites. Certain therapeutic strategies that modulate the host immune response show great potential for the treatment of experimental VL, restoring the impaired effector functions or decreasing host excessive responses. It is known that the overproduction of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promotes parasite replication and disease progression in human VL as well as in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL).

A chimeric vaccine combined with adjuvant system induces immunogenicity and protection against visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice.

In Brazil, canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health problem due to its alarming growth. The high prevalence of infected dogs reinforces the need for a vaccine for use in prophylactic vaccination campaigns. In the present study, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protection of the best dose of Chimera A selected through the screening of cytokines production important in disease.

Liver infusion tryptose (LIT): the best choice for growth, viability, and infectivity of Leishmania infantum parasites.

Leishmania spp. parasites have a complex biological cycle presenting basically two different morphological stages, the amastigote and promastigote forms. In vitro cultivation allows a more complete study of the biological aspects of these parasites, indicating better conditions for infection, immunoassay tests, drug evaluations, and vaccines.

Synthetic Peptides Elicit Strong Cellular Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis Natural Reservoir and Contribute to Long-Lasting Polyfunctional T-Cells in BALB/c Mice.

Reverse vaccinology or immunoinformatics is a computational methodology which integrates data from in silico epitope prediction, associated to other important information as, for example, the predicted subcellular location of the proteins used in the design of the context of vaccine development. This approach has the potential to search for new targets for vaccine development in the predicted proteome of pathogenic organisms. To date, there is no effective vaccine employed in vaccination campaigns against visceral leishmaniasis (VL).

Effect on cellular recruitment and the innate immune response by combining saponin, monophosphoryl lipid-A and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antigens for a vaccine formulation.

The poor immunogenicity displayed by some antigens has encouraged the development of strategies to improve the immune response and safety of vaccine candidates, resulting in an intense search for substances that potentiate vaccine response. Adjuvants have these properties helping vaccine candidates to induce a strong, durable, and fast immune response. In this study, we evaluated the specific immune response of adjuvants alone, Saponin (SAP), Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) and Monophosphoryl lipid-A SE (MPL-SE®) and in combination with total antigen of L.

Multiplex flow cytometry serology to diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis.

An accurate diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is an essential tool for control of the disease. While serologic methods are very useful, these conventional methodologies still present limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The use of flow cytometry is a worldwide trend in the development of high-performance diagnostic methods.

Peptide Vaccines for Leishmaniasis.

Due to an increase in the incidence of leishmaniases worldwide, the development of new strategies such as prophylactic vaccines to prevent infection and decrease the disease have become a high priority. Classic vaccines against leishmaniases were based on live or attenuated parasites or their subunits. Nevertheless, the use of whole parasite or their subunits for vaccine production has numerous disadvantages.

A Vaccine Therapy for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Promoted Significant Improvement of Clinical and Immune Status with Reduction in Parasite Burden.

Herein, we evaluated the treatment strategy employing a therapeutic heterologous vaccine composed of antigens of associated with MPL adjuvant (LBMPL vaccine) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in symptomatic dogs naturally infected by . Sixteen dogs received immunotherapy with MPL adjuvant ( = 6) or with a vaccine composed of antigens of associated with MPL (LBMPL vaccine therapy,  = 10). Dogs were submitted to an immunotherapeutic scheme consisting of 3 series composed of 10 subcutaneous doses with 10-day interval between each series.