Detecting Prostate Cancer Using Pattern Recognition Neural Networks With Flow Cytometry-Based Immunophenotyping in At-Risk Men.

Current screening methods for prostate cancer (PCa) result in a large number of false positives making it difficult for clinicians to assess disease status, thus warranting advancements in screening and early detection methods. The goal of this study was to design a liquid biopsy test that uses flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis to detect PCa. Numerous myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, were measured from 156 patients with PCa, 123 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 99 male healthy donor (HD) controls.

Divergence of Peroxisome Membrane Gene Sequence and Expression Between Yeast Species.

Large population-genomic sequencing studies can enable highly-powered analyses of sequence signatures of natural selection. Genome repositories now available for yeast make it a premier model for studies of the molecular mechanisms of adaptation. We mined the genomes of hundreds of isolates of the sister species and to identify sequence hallmarks of adaptive divergence between the two.

Identification of HIV-1 Envelope Mutations that Enhance Entry Using Macaque CD4 and CCR5.

Although Rhesus macaques are an important animal model for HIV-1 vaccine development research, most transmitted HIV-1 strains replicate poorly in macaque cells. A major genetic determinant of this species-specific restriction is a non-synonymous mutation in macaque CD4 that results in reduced HIV-1 Envelope (Env)-mediated viral entry compared to human CD4. Recent research efforts employing either laboratory evolution or structure-guided design strategies have uncovered several mutations in Env's gp120 subunit that enhance binding of macaque CD4 by transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses.

Genetic dissection of interspecific differences in yeast thermotolerance.

Some of the most unique and compelling survival strategies in the natural world are fixed in isolated species. To date, molecular insight into these ancient adaptations has been limited, as classic experimental genetics has focused on interfertile individuals in populations. Here we use a new mapping approach, which screens mutants in a sterile interspecific hybrid, to identify eight housekeeping genes that underlie the growth advantage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae over its distant relative Saccharomyces paradoxus at high temperature.

Polygenic evolution of a sugar specialization trade-off in yeast.

The evolution of novel traits can involve many mutations scattered throughout the genome. Detecting and validating such a suite of alleles, particularly if they arose long ago, remains a key challenge in evolutionary genetics. Here we dissect an evolutionary trade-off of unprecedented genetic complexity between long-diverged species.

Current practice patterns for oral chemotherapy: results of a national survey.

Purpose/objectives: To describe current nursing practices in the United States regarding care and safety of patients taking oral chemotherapy.

Design: This three-phase study consisted of development, validation, and implementation of a national online survey.

Setting: Survey of oncology nurses in outpatient settings.

Rare variants in hypermutable genes underlie common morphology and growth traits in wild Saccharomyces paradoxus.

Understanding the molecular basis of common traits is a primary challenge of modern genetics. One model holds that rare mutations in many genetic backgrounds may often phenocopy one another, together explaining the prevalence of the resulting trait in the population. For the vast majority of phenotypes, the role of rare variants and the evolutionary forces that underlie them are unknown.

Effects of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibition on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prolonged 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) inhibition on basal and hormone-stimulated glucose metabolism in fasted conscious dogs. For 7 days prior to study, either an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (HSD1-I; n = 6) or placebo (PBO; n = 6) was administered. After the basal period, a 4-h metabolic challenge followed, where glucagon (3×-basal), epinephrine (5×-basal), and insulin (2×-basal) concentrations were increased.

Evolution of a membrane protein regulon in Saccharomyces.

Expression variation is widespread between species. The ability to distinguish regulatory change driven by natural selection from the consequences of neutral drift remains a major challenge in comparative genomics. In this work, we used observations of mRNA expression and promoter sequence to analyze signatures of selection on groups of functionally related genes in Saccharomycete yeasts.

Graphics for dissemination of meta-analyses to staff nurses.

Meta-analytic findings can be useful to nurses seeking research results to guide practice, but graphics used by meta-analysts take time to master. Simpler displays can be created by staff development educators if they understand commonly used meta-analytic displays. For instance, simplified versions of 'forest plots', a common metaphoric display can be created to introduce staff nurses to meta-analytic findings published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and similar databases.

Chronic consumption of a high-fat/high-fructose diet renders the liver incapable of net hepatic glucose uptake.

The objective of this study was to assess the response of a large animal model to high dietary fat and fructose (HFFD). Three different metabolic assessments were performed during 13 wk of feeding an HFFD (n = 10) or chow control (CTR, n = 4) diet: oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs; baseline, 4 and 8 wk), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (HIEGs; baseline and 10 wk) and hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamps (HIHGs, 13 wk). The ΔAUC for glucose during the OGTTs more than doubled after 4 and 8 wk of HFFD feeding, and the average glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia during the HIEG clamps decreased by ≈30% after 10 wk of HFFD feeding.

Effectiveness of an intervention for disseminating Cochrane Reviews to nurses.

Disseminating research findings to clinicians can be a challenging task. In this study, researchers tested the effectiveness of disseminating summaries of systematic reviews to clinicians. The findings suggest that these summaries are well-accepted by nurses and increase their knowledge of research findings.

CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity rapidly increases upon discontinuation of early antiretroviral therapy.

Introduction: CD8+ lymphocytes can suppress HIV replication without killing the infected cells. This CD8+ cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response (CNAR) is associated with a beneficial clinical course.

Materials And Methods: In this longitudinal study of 16 participants in the Options Project at UCSF, we measured the ability of CD8+ lymphocytes to suppress HIV replication in CD4+ cells during primary HIV infection, early antiretroviral therapy, and after treatment.

Effectiveness of an intervention for disseminating Cochrane reviews to nurses.

Disseminating research findings to clinicians can be a challenging task. In this study, researchers tested the effectiveness of disseminating summaries of systematic reviews to clinicians. The findings suggest that these summaries are well-accepted by nurses and increase their knowledge of research findings.

Brief reports for disseminating systematic reviews to nurses.

Much has been written about the importance of using research findings to guide nursing practice. How to best disseminate those findings to nurses remains a challenge. In many clinical settings, nurses interested in research utilization and evidence-based practice retrieve, review, and integrate knowledge from research reports to guide decisions about best practices.

Presenting research to clinicians: strategies for writing about research findings.

Research is of little value to clinical practice if the findings are not appropriately integrated into that practice. While publishing the results of research is essential for translating findings into practice, Marilyn Oermann and colleagues suggest that work is not done until the findings are disseminated for use by clinicians and others who need the research results to guide their practice

Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach seeds inhibit folliculogenesis in albino rats.

The seed oil of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) is used in traditional medicine for its antidiabetic, spermicidal, antifertility, antibacterial, and wound healing properties. The present study was undertaken to investigate the quantitative aspects of follicular development in cyclic female albino rats (135 +/- 10 g; 8 groups with 6 animals in each group) after oral administration of polar (PF) and non-polar (NPF) fractions of A.