ANALYSIS OF TRANSFER LEARNING FOR SELECT RETINAL DISEASE CLASSIFICATION.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of transfer learning for classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by fundus photography and select retinal diseases by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods: Five widely used open-source deep neural networks and four customized simpler and smaller networks, termed the CBR family, were trained and evaluated on two tasks: 1) classification of DR using fundus photography and 2) classification of drusen, choroidal neovascularization, and diabetic macular edema using SD-OCT. For DR classification, the quadratic weighted Kappa coefficient was used to measure the level of agreement between each network and ground truth-labeled test cases.

Vitreous Metastasis in a Case of Metastatic Breast Cancer.

A 35-year-old female with a history of metastatic breast cancer (BC) presented with unilateral blurred vision and floaters over 6 weeks. Examination findings showed vitreous opacities and a vasculitis concerning for an infectious process. Diagnostic vitrectomy revealed no infectious cause, but rather metastatic cells in the vitreous, with no obvious retinal or choroidal metastatic focus.

Risperidone-related bilateral cystoid macular edema: a case report.

Background: A report of the second known case of bilateral cystoid macular edema in a patient taking risperidone.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a 69-year-old African American woman using risperidone who presented with worsening visual acuity and was found to have bilateral cystoid macular edema. Upon decreasing the dosage of risperidone, the cystoid macular edema resolved and visual acuity markedly improved.

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY EVALUATION OF VISUAL ACUITY AND FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE MACULAR GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY AREA FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF STARGARDT GROUPS.

Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of visual acuity and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) macular geographic atrophy (GA) area for the discrimination of autosomal recessive Stargardt groups.

Methods: Subjects aged <50 years old with confirmed molecular diagnoses were classified to Groups 1, 2, or 3 according to a full-field electroretinogram reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy of visual acuity and the FAF macular GA area was assessed with generalized estimating equations, receiver operating characteristic curve area under the curve, and support vector machines.

SEQUENTIAL CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN AND OPHTHALMIC ARTERY OCCLUSIONS IN A PEDIATRIC CASE OF PRIMARY ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME.

Purpose: To report a case of sequential central retinal vein occlusion and ophthalmic artery occlusion in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Methods: Observational case report. Color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography were used to document the progression of a central retinal vein occlusion and sequential development of an ophthalmic artery occlusion within a 1-week period in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Hyperautofluorescent macular ring in a series of patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome.

The authors describe fundus autofluorescence (AF) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings in three patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome and their correlation around the hyperautofluorescent ring border. Patients had AF imaging in combination with SD-OCT line-scans through the fovea, at the posterior pole, and at a temporal locus centered on the ring border. All eyes demonstrated a macular ring of high-intensity AF.

Multimodal imaging in a case of deferoxamine-induced maculopathy.

Purpose: To report a case of deferoxamine-induced maculopathy and present the use of multimodal retinal imaging to study this disease entity.

Methods: This is an observational case report of one patient. Multimodal imaging with fundus autofluorescence, infrared imaging, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to investigate the macular changes induced by deferoxamine toxicity.

Retinal vasculature remodeling in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus vaso-occlusive retinopathy.

Purpose: To report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus vaso-occlusive retinopathy illustrating vascular remodeling over 4 years of follow-up.

Methods: Observational case report of one patient.

Results: A 12-year-old previously healthy girl presented with profound vision loss to 20/800 in both eyes.

Juvenile-onset macular degeneration and allied disorders.

While age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly, many inherited diseases that present earlier in life share features of AMD. These diseases of juvenile-onset macular degeneration include Stargardt disease, Best disease, retinitis pigmentosa, X-linked retinoschisis, and other allied disorders. In particular, they can be accompanied by the appearance of drusen, geographic atrophy, macular hyperpigmentation, choroidal neovascularization, and disciform scarring just as in AMD, and often may be confused for the adult form of the disease.

Sequential bilateral central retinal vein occlusions in a cystic fibrosis patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypergamma-globulinemia.

Purpose: To report a case of sequential bilateral central retinal vein occlusions in a cystic fibrosis patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypergamma-globulinemia over 6 years of follow up.

Methods: Observational case report of one patient.

Results: A 31 year-old male with a history of cystic fibrosis presented with a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in his left eye, followed by a CRVO in his right eye 4 years later.

Fundus autofluorescence imaging in a patient with rapidly developing scotoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the findings in a case of acute macular neuroretinopathy involving sudden development of scotomas accompanied by rapid focal increases in fundus autofluorescence.

Methods: The clinical presentation of the patient was documented by color fundus photographs, fundus autofluorescence, infrared imaging, and high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The scotomas were assessed by Humphrey visual field 10-2 and MP-1 microperimetry.

Clinical predictors of sustained intraocular pressure elevation due to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Purpose: We assess for frequency and predictive factors related to sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration receiving intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab.

Methods: A total of 328 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (449 eyes) who presented to a single physician over a 6-month period were retrospectively assessed for baseline demographic/clinical information, total number of bevacizumab and/or ranibizumab injections, and sustained IOP elevation on 2 or more consecutive visits (absolute IOP >25 mmHg, increase above baseline >10 mmHg, or IOP of >21 mmHg and increase of >5 mmHg). Cox regression survival analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the influence of intravitreal injections on experiencing sustained IOP elevation.

Plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: diagnostic impact of field of view.

Purpose: To examine the impact of retinal field of view and magnification on interexpert reliability of plus disease diagnosis in retinopathy of prematurity.

Methods: Fifteen wide-angle images from infants with retinopathy of prematurity were cropped and adjusted in magnification to create 2 additional image categories: medium angle (40°-50°) and narrow angle (20°-30°). These 45 images were uploaded to a Web-based system and interpreted independently by 13 experts of retinopathy of prematurity using a 3-level (plus, preplus, neither) and 2-level (plus, not plus) classification.

Evaluation of vascular disease progression in retinopathy of prematurity using static and dynamic retinal images.

Purpose: To measure accuracy and speed for detection of vascular progression in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) from serial images. Two strategies are compared: static side-by-side presentation and dynamic flickering of superimposed image pairs.

Design: Prospective comparative study.

Image analysis for retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis.

Purpose: To review findings from the authors' published studies involving telemedicine and image analysis for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) diagnosis.

Methods: Twenty-two ROP experts interpreted a set of 34 wide-angle retinal images for presence of plus disease. For each image, a reference standard diagnosis was defined from expert consensus.

Plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: an analysis of diagnostic performance.

Purpose: To measure agreement and accuracy of plus disease diagnosis among retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) experts; and to compare expert performance to that of a computer-based analysis system, Retinal Image multiScale Analysis.

Methods: Twenty-two recognized ROP experts independently interpreted a set of 34 wide-angle retinal photographs for presence of plus disease. Diagnostic agreement was analyzed.

Plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: development of composite images by quantification of expert opinion.

Purpose: To demonstrate a methodology for generating composite wide-angle images of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), using quantitative analysis of expert opinions.

Methods: Thirty-four wide-angle retinal images were independently interpreted by 22 ROP experts as "plus" or "not plus." All images were processed by the computer-based Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (RISA) system to calculate two parameters: arterial integrated curvature (AIC) and venous diameter (VD).

Evaluation of a computer-based system for plus disease diagnosis in retinopathy of prematurity.

Objective: To measure accuracy and reliability of the computer-based Retinal Image Multiscale Analysis (RISA) system compared with those of recognized retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) experts, for plus disease diagnosis.

Design: Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.

Participants: Eleven recognized ROP experts and the RISA image analysis system interpreted a set of 20 wide-angle retinal photographs for presence of plus disease.

Plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: pilot study of computer-based and expert diagnosis.

Purpose: To measure accuracy of plus disease diagnosis by recognized experts in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and to conduct a pilot study examining performance of a computer-based image analysis system, Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (RISA).

Methods: Twenty-two ROP experts independently interpreted a set of 34 wide-angle retinal images for presence of plus disease. A reference standard diagnosis based on expert consensus was defined for each image.

Interexpert agreement of plus disease diagnosis in retinopathy of prematurity.

Objective: To measure agreement of plus disease diagnosis among retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) experts.

Methods: A set of 34 wide-angle retinal photographs from infants with ROP was compiled on a secure Web site and was interpreted independently by 22 recognized ROP experts. Diagnostic agreement was analyzed using 3-level (plus, pre-plus, or neither) and 2-level (plus or not plus) categorizations.

Diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity using Retinal Image multiScale Analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate a semiautomated image analysis software package, Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (RISA), for the diagnosis of plus disease in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods: Digital images of the posterior pole showing both disc and macula in preterm infants with ROP were analyzed with an enhanced version of RISA. Venules (N = 106) and arterioles (N = 44) were identified, and integrated curvature, diameter, and tortuosity of the vessels were calculated.