Optimized surveillance frequency for low bone mineral density (BMD) screening using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in patients after lung transplant.

Background: Approximately 2,700 lung transplants are performed annually in the United States. These patients are at increased risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD) (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and subsequent fractures. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most common method used for screening for low BMD; however, the optimal surveillance frequency for low BMD using DXA is unknown.

Utilizing Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models for Prediction of Bone Mineral Decrease After Lung Transplant - A Preliminary Study.

Introduction: Recipients of lung transplants are at heightened risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD). They also have increased risk of developing osteoporosis-related fractures. This rate of BMD decline is not well characterized.

Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis Using Hand Radiographs - A Feature Augmentation Study Technique (FAST).

Patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) face an increased risk of fractures, yet are frequently undiagnosed. Consequently, it is imperative to have opportunistically screen for low BMD in patients undergoing other medical evaluations. This retrospective study encompassed 422 patients aged ≥ 50 who underwent both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hand radiographs (modality of digital X-ray) from three different vendors within a 12-month period.

Can we screen opportunistically for low bone mineral density using CT scans of the shoulder and artificial intelligence?

Objective: To evaluate whether the CT attenuation of bones seen on shoulder CT scans could be used to predict low bone mineral density (BMD) (osteopenia/osteoporosis), and to compare the performance of two machine learning models to predict low BMD.

Methods: In this study, we evaluated 194 patients aged 50 years or greater (69.2 ± 9.

Advancing Diagnostics and Patient Care: The Role of Biomarkers in Radiology.

The integration of biomarkers into medical practice has revolutionized the field of radiology, allowing for enhanced diagnostic accuracy, personalized treatment strategies, and improved patient care outcomes. This review offers radiologists a comprehensive understanding of the diverse applications of biomarkers in medicine. By elucidating the fundamental concepts, challenges, and recent advancements in biomarker utilization, it will serve as a bridge between the disciplines of radiology and epidemiology.

Intravenous tranexamic acid is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary embolism following sarcoma resection.

Introduction: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that has been shown to reduce blood loss following surgery. The use of TXA during orthopedic procedures has gained widespread acceptance, with multiple clinical studies demonstrating no increase in thrombotic complications. While TXA has been shown to be safe and effective for several orthopedic procedures, its use in orthopedic sarcoma surgery is not well established.

Automated detection of causal relationships among diseases and imaging findings in textual radiology reports.

Objective: Textual radiology reports contain a wealth of information that may help understand associations among diseases and imaging observations. This study evaluated the ability to detect causal associations among diseases and imaging findings from their co-occurrence in radiology reports.

Materials And Methods: This IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant study analyzed 1 702 462 consecutive reports of 1 396 293 patients; patient consent was waived.

A snapshot of artificial intelligence research 2019-2021: is it replacing or assisting physicians?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to be a disruptive technology in healthcare. Recently, there is increased speculation that AI may be used to replace healthcare providers in the future. To answer this question, we reviewed over 21 000 articles published in medical specialty journals between 2019 and 2021 to evaluate whether these AI models were intended to assist or replace healthcare providers.

Detecting whether L1 or other lumbar levels would be excluded from DXA bone mineral density analysis during opportunistic CT screening for osteoporosis using machine learning.

Purpose: One or more vertebrae are sometimes excluded from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis if the bone mineral density (BMD) T-score estimates are not consistent with the other lumbar vertebrae BMD T-score estimates. The goal of this study was to build a machine learning framework to identify which vertebrae would be excluded from DXA analysis based on the computed tomography (CT) attenuation of the vertebrae.

Methods: Retrospective review of 995 patients (69.

Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis Using Hand Radiographs: A Preliminary Study.

Patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) are at risk for fractures however are often undiagnosed. Therefore, there is a need to opportunistically screen for low BMD in patients who present for other studies. This is a retrospective study of 812 patients aged 50 years or older who had dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and radiographs of the hands within 12 months of each other.

Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis Using CT Scans of the Knee: A Pilot Study.

Knee CT scans are used for planning for total knee arthroplasties in patients who are often simultaneously at risk for frailty fractures due to low bone mineral density. We retrospectively identified 200 patients (85.5% female) with concurrent CT scans of the knee and Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Machine Learning for Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis and Osteopenia Using Knee CT Scans.

Purpose: To predict whether a patient has osteoporosis/osteopenia using the attenuation of trabecular bone obtained from knee computed tomography (CT) scans.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 273 patients who underwent contemporaneous knee CT scans and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) within 1 year. Volumetric segmentation of the trabecular bone of the distal femur, proximal tibia, patella, and proximal fibula was performed to obtain the bone CT attenuation.

Direct anterior approach associated with lower dislocation risk after primary total hip arthroplasty in patients with prior lumbar spine fusion.

Background: While there has been much interest in the increased dislocation rate in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients with a lumbar spine fusion (LSF), there is minimal literature comparing the risk based on surgical approach. The purpose of this study was to determine if a direct anterior (DA) approach was protective against dislocation when compared to the anterolateral and posterior approaches in this high-risk patient population.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 6554 THAs performed at our institution from January 2011 to May 2021.

Radiomics analysis in medical imaging research.

This article discusses the current research in the field of radiomics in medical imaging with emphasis on its role in fighting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This article covers the building of radiomic models in a simple straightforward manner, while discussing radiomic models potential to help us face this pandemic.

Is Heterotopic Ossification Associated With Surgical Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty?

Background: Although risk factors for heterotopic ossification (HO) have been defined, the effect from surgical approach is not fully understood. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the effect that surgical approach has on the risk for developing severe HO after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and compare this with other known risk factors. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in HO formation based on the surgical approach.

Does NIH funding differ between medical specialties? A longitudinal analysis of NIH grant data by specialty and type of grant, 2011-2020.

Objectives: Differences in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding between specialties may affect research and patient outcomes in specialties that are less well funded.The aim of this study is to evaluate how NIH funding has been awarded by medical specialty. This study assesses differences and trends in the amount of funding, by medical specialty, for the years 2011-2020, via a retrospective analysis of data from the NIH RePORTER (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results).

In vivo intra-articular contrast enhanced μCT imaging of mouse knee cartilage.

In vivo micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) is commonly used tool in the study of mouse bone architecture. However, in vivo imaging of mouse cartilage has been limited. Intra-articular contrast injection was evaluated for its utility in detecting mouse cartilage in μCT.