Removal and recovery of phosphorus and fluorine in process water from water based direct physical lithium-ion battery recycling.

In the present work, the recovery of phosphorus and fluorine from process water generated in a water based direct physical recycling process of Li-ion batteries has been studied. The recycling process considered in this work produces significant amounts of process water, which is generated during the opening of the batteries by means of electro-hydraulic fragmentation and the subsequent sorting of the components in aqueous solution. This process produces between 21.