A viral effector blocks the turnover of a plant NLR receptor to trigger a robust immune response.

Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) play a key role in activating a strong pathogen defense response. Plant NLR proteins are tightly regulated and accumulate at very low levels in the absence of pathogen effectors. However, little is known about how this low level of NLR proteins is able to induce robust immune responses upon recognition of pathogen effectors.

In-Induced Electronic Structure Modulations of Bi─O Active Sites for Selective Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Liquid Fuel in Strong Acid.

The formation of carbonate in neutral/alkaline solutions leads to carbonate crossover, severely reducing carbon dioxide (CO ) single pass conversion efficiency (SPCE). Thus, CO electrolysis is a prospective route to achieve high CO utilization under acidic environment. Bimetallic Bi-based catalysts obtained utilizing metal doping strategies exhibit enhanced CO -to-formic acid (HCOOH) selectivity in alkaline/neutral media.

Effect of Charge on Carbon Support on the Catalytic Activity of CuO toward CO Reduction to C Products.

Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO) reduction for C products has been studied on a series of supported Cu-based catalysts; however, the charge-promotion effects from the substrates for the selectivity of CO reduction are still unclear. Here we localize nanosized CuO on three carbon-based substrates that provide different charge-promotion effects: positively charged boron-doped graphene (BG), negatively charged nitrogen-doped graphene (NG), and weak negatively charged reduced graphene oxide (rGO). We demonstrate that the charge-promotion effects lead to an increase in faradaic efficiency (FE) for C products with an order of rGO/Cu < BG/Cu < pure Cu < NG/Cu and an FE/FE ratio from 0.

Development of real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR based marker for the detection of inciting common bunt of wheat.

This is the first study reporting droplet digital PCR and quantitative real time PCR for detection of (syn. ), which causes common bunt of wheat and leads to yield losses of 80% in many wheat growing areas worldwide. To establish an accurate, rapid and quantifiable detection method, we tested 100 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers and obtained a species-specific fragment (515 bp) generated by ISSR 827.

Super-Coordinated Nickel N Ni O Site Single-Atom Catalyst for Selective H O Electrosynthesis at High Current Densities.

Electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H O ) from O on single-atom catalysts has attracted great attention, yet the quest for robust catalysts is driven by achieving >90 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) under industrial-relevant current densities (>100 mA cm ). Herein we synthesize a catalyst that contains single nickel site coordinated by four nitrogen and two oxygen atoms (i.e.

Toward High-Performance CO -to-C Electroreduction via Linker Tuning on MOF-Derived Catalysts.

Copper (Cu)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-derived catalysts are well studied for electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO ); however, the effects of organic linkers for the selectivity of CO reduction are still unrevealed. Here, a series of Cu-based MOF-derived catalysts is investigated with different organic linkers appended, named X-Cu-BDC (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, X = NH , OH, H, F, and 2F). It is found that the linkers affect the faradaic efficiency (FE) for C products with an order of NH  < OH < bare Cu-BDC < F < 2F, thus tuning the FE :FE ratios from 0.

pH-Responsive Polyoxometalates that Achieve Efficient Wastewater Reclamation and Source Recovery via Forward Osmosis.

Forward osmosis (FO) has been increasingly used for water treatment. However, the lack of suitable draw solutes impedes its further development. Herein, we design pH-responsive polyoxometalates, that is, (NH)MoO and NaMoO, as draw solutes for simultaneous water reclamation and resource recovery from wastewater via FO.

DTBP-promoted site-selective α-alkoxyl C-H functionalization of alkyl esters: synthesis of 2-alkyl ester substituted chromanones.

The direct C-H functionalization of ethyl acetates was developed, delivering a variety of 1-(4-oxochroman-2-yl)ethyl acetate derivatives by reacting with chromones. This reaction has a wide substrate scope with excellent site-selective C-H activation at the inactive α-hydrogen of the alkoxyl group instead of the α-hydrogen of the carbonyl group under radical conditions. Compared with other protocols for the α-alkoxyl C-H functionalization of alkyl esters, a distinguishing feature of this reaction is that no metal catalyst was required, with DTBP as the sole oxidant.

LNDb challenge on automatic lung cancer patient management.

Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer worldwide and late detection is the major factor for the low survival rate of patients. Low dose computed tomography has been suggested as a potential screening tool but manual screening is costly and time-consuming. This has fuelled the development of automatic methods for the detection, segmentation and characterisation of pulmonary nodules.

Evaluation of resistance to wheat stem rust and identification of resistance genes in wheat lines from Heilongjiang province.

Wheat stem rust, caused by f. sp. , () is a devastating disease in wheat production.

A pH-responsive supramolecular draw solute that achieves high-performance in arsenic removal via forward osmosis.

A pH-responsive, charge switchable piperazine derivative, 1,4-bis(3-propane- sulphonate sodium)-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid disodium-sulfate (4), has been designed via a stepwise synthesis and proposed as a draw solute to remove arsenics (As, As) from water through forward osmosis (FO). Having multiple sulfonic groups, 4 generates a high osmotic pressure and produces a water flux as high as 58.4 LMH at a dilute concentration (0.

Nested Dilation Networks for Brain Tumor Segmentation Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Brain tumors are among the most fatal cancers worldwide. Diagnosing and manually segmenting tumors are time-consuming clinical tasks, and success strongly depends on the doctor's experience. Automatic quantitative analysis and accurate segmentation of brain tumors are greatly needed for cancer diagnosis.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Site-Selective ortho-C-H Activation: Enone Carbonyl Directed Hydroarylation of Maleimides.

Enone carbonyl directed 1,4-addition of ortho-C-H bond in chalcones to maleimides was developed under the catalysis of Rh(III). This reaction furnished a variety of chalcone-based pharmacologically useful 3-arylated succinimide derivatives in good yields with excellent selectivity.

Metal-free oxidative decarbonylative alkylation of chromones using aliphatic aldehydes.

A decarbonylative alkylation of chromones via radical conjugate addition under metal-free conditions was developed using aliphatic aldehydes as alkylating reagents. A series of 2-tertiary, secondary, and even primary alkylated chromanones were obtained in moderate to excellent yields.

Site-specific hydroxyalkylation of chromones via alcohol mediated Minisci-type radical conjugate addition.

A metal-free site-specific C2-hydroxyalkylation of chromones through the Minisci-type reaction using simple alcohols was developed. This transformation proceeds via radical sp C-H activation and subsequent conjugate addition, generating a series of C2-hydroxyalkylated chromanones in moderate to good yields. Besides, ethers were also compatible in this Minisci reaction, leading to corresponding C2 ether-substituted chromanones.

Direct arylation of inactivated benzene with aryl acyl peroxides toward biaryls.

A direct arylation of inactivated benzene with acyl peroxides was developed, affording biaryls in good to excellent yields. This transformation underwent a radical pathway under metal-free, base-free and additive-free conditions with good functional group compatibility.

1,2-Arylalkylation of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides using aliphatic aldehydes as the alkyl source.

A metal-free decarbonylative arylalkylation of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides using aliphatic aldehydes as the alkyl radical source was developed, providing a series of α-aryl-β-alkylamides in moderate to good yields. In this reaction, concomitant alkylation, aryl migration and desulfonylation were involved.

Metal-free radical addition/cyclization of alkynoates with xanthates towards 3-(β-carbonyl)coumarins.

The dilauroyl peroxide (DLP)-promoted carboannulation of alkynoates with xanthates was developed, affording a series of 4-aryl-3-(β-carbonyl) coumarins in moderate to good yields. The difunctionalization of alkynoates was achieved via a radical addition/cyclization process under metal-free conditions.

An Automatic Segmentation and Classification Framework Based on PCNN Model for Single Tooth in MicroCT Images.

Accurate segmentation and classification of different anatomical structures of teeth from medical images plays an essential role in many clinical applications. Usually, the anatomical structures of teeth are manually labelled by experienced clinical doctors, which is time consuming. However, automatic segmentation and classification is a challenging task because the anatomical structures and surroundings of the tooth in medical images are rather complex.

A segmentation and classification scheme for single tooth in MicroCT images based on 3D level set and k-means+.

Accurate classification of different anatomical structures of teeth from medical images provides crucial information for the stress analysis in dentistry. Usually, the anatomical structures of teeth are manually labeled by experienced clinical doctors, which is time consuming. However, automatic segmentation and classification is a challenging task because the anatomical structures and surroundings of the tooth in medical images are rather complex.

Expression of activated checkpoint kinase 2 and histone 2AX in exfoliative oral cells after exposure to ionizing radiation.

Gamma-H2AX (activated histone 2AX) and pChk2 (activated checkpoint kinase 2), which are DNA damage response molecules, are produced in irradiated cells and may be signature molecules of radiation exposure. We investigated their use as potential biomarkers to identify individuals exposed to ionizing radiation. We collected exfoliated oral epithelial cell samples from 100 healthy individuals undergoing routine dental radiographic examination (2.

Activated checkpoint kinase 2 expression and risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Phosphoactivation of a DNA damage response molecule checkpoint kinase 2 (pChk2) may be a marker of oral epithelial cells that have entered the precancerous and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) stages. We explored whether there was selective expression of pChk2 in precancerous lesions but not in nonneoplastic tissue of the oral mucosa.

Experimental Design: In a retrospective cohort design, 96 biopsied clinical leukoplakias and erythroplakias with known subsequent progression to SCC were identified from 48 subjects and assigned as the cases group.