Li-ion-based electric field control has been attracting significant attention, since it is able to penetrate deep into materials to exhibit diverse and controllable electrochemical processes, which offer more degrees of freedom to design multifunctional devices with low power consumption. As opposed to previous studies that mainly focused on single lithiation/delithiation mechanisms, we reveal three Li-ion modulation mechanisms in the same NiFeO spinel ferrite by magnetometry, ., intercalation, conversion, and space charge, which are respectively demonstrated in high, medium, and low voltage range.
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