High iodine promotes autoimmune thyroid disease by activating hexokinase 3 and inducing polarization of macrophages towards M1.

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), the most common autoimmune disease, includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Currently, the pathogenesis of AITD is not fully understood. Our study aimed to examine the presence of macrophage polarization imbalance in AITD patients, to investigate whether high iodine can cause macrophage polarization imbalance, and to investigate the role of key genes of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization imbalance caused by high iodine.

Polymorphisms of ATG5 Gene Are Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases, Especially Thyroid Eye Disease.

Objective: To explore the association of gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' illness (GD) as well as their clinical features.

Methods: rs6568431, rs548234, and rs6937876 were selected to investigate the correlation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of gene with AITDs. Their frequencies in 824 AITD patients, including 271 HT patients and 553 GD patients, and 764 healthy controls were tested using both ligase detection reaction and multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

High-throughput T cell receptor sequencing reveals differential immune repertoires in autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Background: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune diseases specific to thyroid and mainly include Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto' thyroiditis (HT). The adaptive immunoreactivity of CD4 T cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AITDs, but very little has been known about its changes in disease status.

Methods: We collected peripheral CD4 T cells from 12 GD patients, including 6 newly diagnosed GD (NGD) and 6 refractory GD (RGD) patients, 6 HT patients and 6 healthy controls, and examined the gene expression profiles and colon types of T cells receptor (TCR) β chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) using high-throughput sequencing.

An Update Evolving View of Copy Number Variations in Autoimmune Diseases.

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) usually share possible common mechanisms, i.e., a defect in the immune tolerance exists due to diverse causes from central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.

Identification of lncRNA and mRNA Expression Profile in Relapsed Graves' Disease.

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease, and its pathogenesis is unclear. Studies have found that the occurrence of GD is related to the immune disorder caused by the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The CD4 T cell subset is closely related to the immune disorder of GD.

METTL3 Is Involved in the Development of Graves' Disease by Inducing SOCS mRNA m6A Modification.

Objective: Epigenetic modifications in RNA are known to play critical roles in cell differentiation through regulating expressions of some key genes including members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. The present study aimed to unveil the relationship of SOCS mRNA methylation induced by methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) with Graves' disease (GD).

Methods: Differently expressed genes (DEG) in GD tissues were identified using microarray analysis and further validated using CD4 T cell microarray of GD tissues and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Systemic Proteomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Exosomal Protein Profiles in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex disease with unknown pathogenesis. In recent years, fewer have paid attention to the broad spectrum of systemic markers of RA. The aim of this study was to identify exosomal candidate proteins in the pathogenesis of RA.

Psoriasis Susceptibility 1 Candidate 1 () Polymorphism is Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in a Chinese Han Population.

Background: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is an inherited, complex gene- and immune-related disorder that mainly includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate 1 () is a susceptibility gene associated with many autoimmune diseases, but its role in an individual's predisposition to AITD is unknown.

Methods: This study included 1065 Chinese Han patients with AITD and 943 matched healthy individuals.

Inclusion of ALKBH5 as a candidate gene for the susceptibility of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Purpose: RNA demethylase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) gene is pivotal in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential relationship between polymorphisms of ALKBH5 gene and the development of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).

Material And Methods: A case-control study of 979 AITD patients, including 620 Graves' disease (GD) and 359 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and 732 normal controls of the Chinese Han population was performed using high-throughput sequencing (HiSeq) genotyping method for detecting 5 variants in ALKBH5 gene (rs12936694, rs2124370, rs4925144, rs8068517, and rs9913266).

T cell receptor revision and immune repertoire changes in autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune disease (AID) is a condition in which the immune system breaks down and starts to attack the body. Some common AIDs include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus and so forth. The changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire have been found in several autoimmune diseases, and may be responsible for the breakdown of peripheral immune tolerance.

Identifying and Validating Differentially Methylated Regions in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Graves' Disease.

This research used combined bioinformatic methods to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in newly diagnosed patients with Graves' disease (GD). Peripheral blood from six GD patients and controls was collected and methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), and NimbleGen Human DNA Methylation 3 × 720 K promoter plus CpG island microarrays were further analyzed. DMRs were categorized into low-methylated genes and high-methylated genes, which were mapped into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network constructed by a dataset.

METTL3 gene polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease.

Purpose: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a classic autoimmune disorder that mainly includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). In this study, we explored the potential relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) gene and the development of AITD.

Methods: The distribution of METTL3 genotypes at seven loci (rs1139130, rs1263790, rs1263791, rs17197156, rs2242526, rs3752411, and rs4417466) in 960 AITD (599 GD and 361 HT) patients and 732 unrelated healthy volunteers was examined using high-throughput sequencing technology in a case-controlled manner and their correlations with AITD development were statistically analyzed.

The Impact of Obesity on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To help inform decision making in the clinical setting, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the association of thyroid disease risks with obesity. Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane database and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched from inception to October 31, 2018 without language restrictions to explore the relationship between thyroid disorders and obesity. The relative risk (RR) or odds risk (OR) for thyroid disorders were pooled using the SPSS and STATA software.

Risk of Thyroid Disorders in Patients with Gout and Hyperuricemia.

The risk of thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction among patients with gout and hyperuricemia has not been well defined. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of gout and hyperuricemia on risk of thyroid disorders including thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the risk of thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid dysfunction related to gout and hyperuricemia, which included 115 gout patients, 439 hyperuricemic patients, and 2 254 individuals without gout and hyperuricemia.

Thyroid disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of thyroid disorders in myasthenia gravis (MG) or whether MG was associated with an increased risk of thyroid disorders.

Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane database, Google Scholar and the Chinese Biomedical Databases were searched about the relationship between thyroid disorders and myasthenia gravis up to November 30, 2018, without language restrictions. The prevalence and relative risk (RR) for thyroid disorders were pooled by the R and STATA software.

Aberrant Histone Methylation in Patients with Graves' Disease.

Background: Graves' disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. Accumulated data have indicated that aberrant epigenetic modifications are associated with many autoimmune disorders. However, it remains unknown whether histone methylation plays a role in the pathogenesis of GD.

U-shaped relationship between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity risk in adults.

Background: Iodine status has long been regarded as an environmental determinant for thyroid dysfunction, but its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is still controversial. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between iodine status and TAI through both a population-based study and a dose-response meta-analysis of eligible epidemiological studies.

Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was firstly carried out, which enrolled a total of 2808 Chinese adults.

Proteomics Screening of Differentially Expressed Cytokines in Tears of Patients with Graves' Ophthalmopathy.

Background: The current study aimed at exploring the cytokine profile in the tears of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO).

Methods: Tears were sampled from the eyes of 7 patients with active GO and 7 healthy volunteers using filter paper. Then the levels of up to 34 cytokines in the tears of each subject were detected using high-throughput protein microarray technology in line with the introduction.

Aberrant Expressions of Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Molecules in Autoimmune Diseases.

Co-signaling molecules include co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules and play important roles in modulating immune responses. The roles of co-signaling molecules in autoimmune diseases have not been clearly defined. We assessed the expressions of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules in autoimmune diseases through a bioinformatics-based study.

Gene Variations Confer Susceptibility to Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Graves' Ophthalmopathy.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of , namely, rs1061501, rs1131665, and rs1061502 for genotyping using PCR-based ligase detection reaction (LDR) method in a total of 1659 participants (592 with Graves' disease, 297 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 770 healthy controls). Gene-disease and genotype-clinical phenotype associations were evaluated for the three SNPs.

CEP128 is a crucial risk locus for autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) mainly includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and its pathogenesis is not clearly defined. This study was designed to explore risk loci for AITD. Genome-wide genetic data were analyzed to identify important risk loci for GD, and a case-control study with 845 AITD patients and 694 healthy controls was also conducted.

Polymorphisms of FAM167A-BLK Region Confer Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.

The present study was to explore whether the polymorphisms of FAM167 A-BLK region are associated with the susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The second sequencing technology was undertaken for seven tag loci mapping of the FAM167 A-BLK region, namely, rs11250144, rs2618431, rs4840568, rs13277113, rs2248932, rs2736340, and rs922483, in 999 AITD patients, including 624 Graves' disease (GD) and 375 Hashimoto's thyroiditis individuals, and 797 healthy cohorts. In contrast to those in controls, allele C of rs11250144 and allele G of rs2618431 both showed increased frequencies in GD patients.

Sex Differences in the Associations of Obesity With Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Autoimmunity Among Chinese Adults.

There is an intensive link between obesity and thyroid dysfunction, but this relationship in Asians is still unclear. This study was conducted to define the impact of obesity on risk of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity among Chinese adults. A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out, which enrolled a total of 2,808 Chinese adults.

Polymorphisms in Autophagy-Related Gene Are Associated with Susceptibility to Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases.

Background: To date, studies have shown that polymorphisms in an autophagy-related gene, , are linked with different diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. The present study aimed to examine the roles of polymorphisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD).

Methods: Three polymorphisms in gene (rs10065172, rs4958847, and rs13361189) were genotyped in 1569 participants (488 with Graves' disease, 292 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 789 healthy controls) using PCR-based ligase detection reaction method.

Polymorphisms of IKZF3 Gene and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Associated with Graves' Disease but Not with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Background/aims: The IKZF3 gene encodes a zinc-finger protein that plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), mainly include Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are probably caused by the aberrant proliferation of B cells. The objective of this study was to explore the association between IKZF3 polymorphisms and AITDs.