Comparison of high-flow nasal cannula and conventional oxygen therapy for high-risk patients during bronchoscopy examination: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been proven to improve oxygenation and avoid intubation in hypoxemic patients. It has also been utilized during endoscopy examination to reduce the incidence of hypoxia. However, little is known about the effects of HFNC versus conventional oxygen therapy (COT) on oxygenation during bronchoscopy examination via nasal route; particularly, no study has compared the use of HFNC with that of COT at similar FO for patients who have high-risk factors of desaturation during bronchoscopy examination.

Exposure to heat-inactivated Trichophyton rubrum resulting in a limited immune response of human keratinocytes.

Background: Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) represents the most important agent of dermatophytosis in humans. T.

[The immune response of human keratinocytes to Trichophyton rubrum conidia is partially mediated by toll-like receptor-2, 4, dectin-1 and cytokines].

Objective: To investigate the effects of Trichophyton rubrum exposure on the expressions of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4 and dendritic cell associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1) and cytokine secretions in human keratinocytes cell line HaCaT.

Methods: The mRNA of TLR-2,4, and dectin-1 in the HaCaT co-cultured with the conidia of Trichophyton rubrum conidia for 24 h was measured with real-time PCR. The mean fluorescence intensity and the percentage of cells positive for TLR-2, 4, and dectin-1 was detected during the co-culture using flow cytometry.

Comparison of a glucose consumption based method with the CLSI M38-A method for testing antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Background: The prevalence of dermatophytoses and the development of new antifungal agents has focused interest on susceptibility tests of dermatophytes. The method used universally for susceptibility tests of dermatophytes was published as document (M38-A) in 2002 by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), dealing with the standardization of susceptibility tests in filamentous fungi, though not including dermatophytes especially. However, it is not a very practical method for the clinical laboratory in routine susceptibility testing.