Malate initiates a proton-sensing pathway essential for pH regulation of inflammation.

Metabolites can double as a signaling modality that initiates physiological adaptations. Metabolism, a chemical language encoding biological information, has been recognized as a powerful principle directing inflammatory responses. Cytosolic pH is a regulator of inflammatory response in macrophages.

[Cholesterol Metabolism and Tumor Immunity].

Cholesterol, an important lipid molecule of organisms, is involved in the formation of cell membrane structure, bile acid metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis, playing an important role in the regulation of cell structure and functions. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism is reprogrammed during tumor formation and development. In addition to directly affecting the biological behavior of tumor cells, cholesterol metabolic reprogramming also regulates the antitumor activity of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

[A Review of the Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming in Tumor Associated Macrophages].

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most common types of stromal cells in solid tumors. They are closely related to the immunosuppressive status of tumor microenvironment and potentiate the malignant progress of tumors. Studies have shown that metabolism in tumor associated macrophages has been reprogrammed and involved in the regulation of their own polarization and corresponding functions and phenotypes.