Tonic type 2 immunity is a critical tissue checkpoint controlling autoimmunity in the skin.

Immunoregulatory mechanisms established in the lymphoid organs are vital for preventing autoimmunity. However, the presence of similar mechanisms in non-lymphoid tissues remains unclear. Through transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses, we find a negative association between psoriasis and fatty acid metabolism, as well as Th2 signature.

Tumor-targeted therapy with BRAF-inhibitor recruits activated dendritic cells to promote tumor immunity in melanoma.

Background: Tumor-targeted therapy causes impressive tumor regression, but the emergence of resistance limits long-term survival benefits in patients. Little information is available on the role of the myeloid cell network, especially dendritic cells (DC) during tumor-targeted therapy.

Methods: Here, we investigated therapy-mediated immunological alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (LN) in the D4M.

Subclinical finding in the perception of tactile sensation involvement after SARS-CoV2 infection: comparison with healthy controls using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing.

Background: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome patients complain of sensory alterations, mainly positive symptoms such as paresthesia or neuropathic pain but also decreased tactile sensation. Using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT), our study aims to confront recently infected SARS-CoV2 subjects with a control group.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional, single-centric study.

Relation of the work ability index to fitness for work in healthcare and public employees in a region of Northeastern Italy.

Purpose: Work ability indicates an individual's capacity to match job demands according to his/her physical and mental conditions and work circumstances. Occupational physicians should take into consideration the global health status of a worker in order to correctly assess if he/she is fit for the job. The aim of this study was to verify the association between fitness for work evaluation and Work Ability Index scores, as well as individual factors (age, gender, and anthropometric characteristics) and work-related variables (job type, years of working duration).

Skin Whole-Mount Immunofluorescent Staining Protocol, 3D Visualization, and Spatial Image Analysis.

The use of polychromatic immunofluorescent staining on whole-mount skin enables cell type characterization and aids in the delineation of the physiological and immunological strategies used by the skin to combat pathogens. Using whole-mount skin for polychromatic immunofluorescent staining removes the need for histological sectioning and enables the visualization of anatomical structures and immune cell types in three dimensions. Here we present a detailed protocol for immunostaining with fluorescence-conjugated primary antibodies in whole-mount skin to reveal structural landmarks and specific immune cell types using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (Basic Protocol 1).

Incidence of shoulder disorders in a cohort of healthcare workers from 2009 to 2020.

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of shoulder disorders in a cohort of Health Care Workers (HCWs).

Methods: 4406 workers employed from 2009 to 2020, were included in the study. Occupational risk factors and jobs were assessed according to working history.

Persistence of Symptoms 15 Months since COVID-19 Diagnosis: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Residual Work Ability.

A proportion of patients' ailments may last after recovering from acute COVID-19, with episodic and systemic symptoms of unclear etiology potentially involving different organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the persistence of symptoms 15 months since COVID-19 diagnosis in patients referring to the post-COVID-19 clinic in Trieste (north-eastern Italy). Two-hundred-forty-seven patients were medically examined between 8 December 2020-6 April 2021, after a median time of 49 days since first positive swab test for SARS-CoV-2.

A guideline for the appropriate recognition of shared resource laboratories in publication.

The issue of what level of contribution warrants authorship, determining a fair order of authors and when and whom to acknowledge in publications is often a cause of debate, and in some instances, has also been a focus of conflict at certain institutions. Shared resource laboratories (SRLs) play a fundamental role in supporting publications, and SRL staff scientists can contribute to numerous areas such as experimental design, sample preparation, data acquisition, data analysis and manuscript drafting and review. However, SRL staff scientists are often unfairly omitted from the author list.

High incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome and other autoimmune diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents in south central Europe.

Objectives: To estimate the incidence and describe the spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in children from two neighbouring south central European countries.

Methods: We performed a multi-centre prospective cohort study of children under 18 years diagnosed with inflammatory/autoimmune diseases linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination, who were admitted to the paediatric tertiary care hospitals in Slovenia and Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy, from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Disease incidence was calculated based on laboratory-confirmed cases only.

BCL6 deletion in CD4 T cells does not affect Th2 effector mediated immunity in the skin.

Recent studies propose that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells possess a high degree of functional plasticity in addition to their well-defined roles in mediating interleukin-4-dependent switching of germinal center B cells to the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgE antibodies. In particular Tfh cells have been proposed to be an essential stage in Th2 effector cell development that are able to contribute to innate type 2 responses. We used CD4-cre targeted deletion of BCL6 to identify the contribution Tfh cells make to tissue Th2 effector responses in models of atopic skin disease and lung immunity to parasites.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers of Trieste (North-Eastern Italy), 1 October 2020-7 February 2022: Occupational Risk and the Impact of the Omicron Variant.

Vaccination coverage against COVID-19 among health care workers (HCWs) of the University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI) of Trieste (North-eastern Italy) by 1 January 2022 was 90.4% with at least one vaccine dose, 84.9% with at least 2 doses, and 75.

SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Large European Multicentric Cohort of Health Workers.

Background: The research aimed to investigate the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and their determinants in a large European cohort of more than 60,000 health workers.

Methods: A multicentric retrospective cohort study, involving 12 European centers, was carried out within the ORCHESTRA project, collecting data up to 18 November 2021 on fully vaccinated health workers. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections was investigated with its association with occupational and social-demographic characteristics (age, sex, job title, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody titer levels, and time from the vaccination course completion).

IL-13 in dermal type-2 dendritic cell specialization: From function to therapeutic targeting.

Skin functions as a barrier protecting the host against physical, thermal, chemical changes as well as microbial insults. The skin is populated by several immune cell types that are crucial to host defense and to maintain self-tolerance as well as equilibrium with beneficial microbiota. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are antigen-presenting cells that patrol the skin and all other nonlymphoid tissues for self or foreign antigens, and then migrate to draining lymph nodes to initiate T-cell responses.

DestVI identifies continuums of cell types in spatial transcriptomics data.

Most spatial transcriptomics technologies are limited by their resolution, with spot sizes larger than that of a single cell. Although joint analysis with single-cell RNA sequencing can alleviate this problem, current methods are limited to assessing discrete cell types, revealing the proportion of cell types inside each spot. To identify continuous variation of the transcriptome within cells of the same type, we developed Deconvolution of Spatial Transcriptomics profiles using Variational Inference (DestVI).

COVID-19 susceptibility and vaccination coverage for measles, rubella and mumps in students and healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals (NE Italy).

Background: Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines have been suggested as preventive measures to protect subjects from the worst sequelae of COVID-19 infection because neutralizing antibodies can cross-react with other viruses.

Aim: To verify COVID-19 infection in MMR vaccinated and non-vaccinated healthcare workers and medical students in Trieste Hospitals.

Results: Nurse aids resulted in significantly more infections than structured physicians (OR 1.

Incidence of COVID-19 infection in hospital workers from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021 routinely tested, before and after vaccination with BNT162B2.

To evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 infection in health care workers from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in NE Italy, vaccination with BNT162b2. This was a retrospective cohort study. Healthcare workers were routinely tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection using real-time polymerase chain reaction tests in nasopharyngeal swabs.

COVID-19 outbreaks in hospital workers during the first COVID-19 wave.

Background: Health care workers (HCWs) are on the frontline, playing a crucial role in the prevention of infection and treatment of patients.

Aims: This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hospital-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection at work and related factors at the University Hospital of Trieste workers exposed to COVID-19 patients.

Methods: From March 1 to May 31, of 4216 employees, 963 were in contact with COVID-19 patients or colleagues and were followed up.

Intravenous administration of BCG protects mice against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

In addition to providing partial protection against pediatric tuberculosis, vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been reported to confer nonspecific resistance to unrelated pulmonary pathogens, a phenomenon attributed to the induction of long-lasting alterations within the myeloid cell compartment. Here, we demonstrate that intravenous, but not subcutaneous, inoculation of BCG protects human-ACE2 transgenic mice against lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2) and results in reduced viral loads in non-transgenic animals infected with an α variant. The observed increase in host resistance was associated with reductions in SCV2-induced tissue pathology, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cytokine production that multivariate analysis revealed as only partially related to diminished viral load.

Homeostatic IL-13 in healthy skin directs dendritic cell differentiation to promote T2 and inhibit T17 cell polarization.

The signals driving the adaptation of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) to diverse peripheral environments remain mostly undefined. We show that differentiation of CD11b migratory DC2s-a DC2 population unique to the dermis-required IL-13 signaling dependent on the transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4, whereas DC2s in lung and small intestine were STAT6-independent. Similarly, human DC2s in skin expressed an IL-4 and IL-13 gene signature that was not found in blood, spleen and lung DCs.

IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 decay but persist 4 months after vaccination in a cohort of healthcare workers.

Background And Aims: Monitoring the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is pivotal in the evaluation of long-term vaccine efficacy. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies represent an advisable tool to reach this goal, especially for the still poorly defined antibody trend induced by the new class of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

Materials And Methods: Anti-Spike RBD IgG antibodies were monitored in a cohort of healthcare workers at CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, through MAGLUMI® chemiluminescence assay, at 1 and 4 months after full-schedule of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination.

Low sensitivity of rapid tests detecting anti-CoV-2 IgG and IgM in health care workers' serum for COVID-19 screening.

Background: the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid antibody test were investigated for the screening of healthcare workers.

Methods: the serum of 389 health care workers exposed to COVID-19 patients or with symptoms, were analysed. All workers underwent monthly the screening for SARS-CoV-2 with detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR.

Intravenous administration of BCG protects mice against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

Early events in the host response to SARS-CoV-2 are thought to play a major role in determining disease severity. During pulmonary infection, the virus encounters both myeloid and epithelioid lineage cells that can either support or restrict pathogen replication as well as respond with host protective versus detrimental mediators. In addition to providing partial protection against pediatric tuberculosis, vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been reported to confer non-specific resistance to unrelated pulmonary pathogens, a phenomenon attributed to the induction of long-lasting alterations within the myeloid cell compartment.