Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions.

Introduction: Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m.

Macrophage Polarization: Implications on Metabolic Diseases and the Role of Exercise.

Macrophages are cells of the innate immune response that trigger inflammation resolution. The phenotype of "classically activated macrophages" (M1) has anti-tumoricidal and anti-bactericidal activities. On the other hand, "alternatively activated macrophages" (M2) are involved in tissue remodeling and immunomodulatory functions.

Impact of Doxorubicin Treatment on the Physiological Functions of White Adipose Tissue.

White adipose tissue (WAT) plays a fundamental role in maintaining energy balance and important endocrine functions. The loss of WAT modifies adipokine secretion and disrupts homeostasis, potentially leading to severe metabolic effects and a reduced quality of life. Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent used clinically because of its good effectiveness against various types of cancer.

Physiological and cytokine response to acute exercise under hypoxic conditions: a pilot study.

Background: Studies have demonstrated that exercise in hypoxia situations induces a cytotoxicity effects. However, the cytokines participation in this condition is remaining unknown. Thus, the aim the present study was to evaluate physiological parameters and inflammatory profiles in response to acute exercise after five hours of hypoxic conditions.

Hypothalamic energy metabolism is impaired by doxorubicin independently of inflammation in non-tumour-bearing rats.

We sought to explore the effects of doxorubicin on inflammatory profiles and energy metabolism in the hypothalamus of rats. To investigate these effects, we formed two groups: a control (C) group and a Doxorubicin (DOXO) group. Sixteen rats were randomly assigned to either the control (C) or DOXO groups.

The impact of sleep on age-related sarcopenia: Possible connections and clinical implications.

Sarcopenia is a geriatric condition that comprises declined skeletal muscle mass, strength and function, leading to the risk of multiple adverse outcomes, including death. Its pathophysiology involves neuroendocrine and inflammatory factors, unfavorable nutritional habits and low physical activity. Sleep may play a role in muscle protein metabolism, although this hypothesis has not been studied extensively.

Exercise improves immune function, antidepressive response, and sleep quality in patients with chronic primary insomnia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on sleep, depression, cortisol, and markers of immune function in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Twenty-one sedentary participants (16 women aged 44.7 ± 9 years) with chronic primary insomnia completed a 4-month intervention of moderate aerobic exercise.

Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate or glutamine supplementation, or a combination of the two, on the immune system and inflammatory parameters after exercise in simulated hypoxic conditions at 4500 m.

Methods: Nine men underwent three sessions of exercise at 70% VO2peak until exhaustion as follows: 1) hypoxia with a placebo; 2) hypoxia with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after; and 3) hypoxia after 6 d of glutamine supplementation (20 g/d) and supplementation with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after. All procedures were randomized and double blind.

Downhill exercise-induced changes in gene expression related with macrophage polarization and myogenic cells in the triceps long head of rats.

Macrophages are one of the most heterogenic immune cells involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. After skeletal muscle damage, M1 phenotypes exhibit pro-inflammatory reaction. In a later stage, they are converted to M2 phenotypes with anti-inflammatory properties.

Can high altitude influence cytokines and sleep?

The number of persons who relocate to regions of high altitude for work, pleasure, sport, or residence increases every year. It is known that the reduced supply of oxygen (O2) induced by acute or chronic increases in altitude stimulates the body to adapt to new metabolic challenges imposed by hypoxia. Sleep can suffer partial fragmentation because of the exposure to high altitudes, and these changes have been described as one of the responsible factors for the many consequences at high altitudes.

Low-grade inflammation and spinal cord injury: exercise as therapy?

An increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with spinal cord injury can contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation and increase the risk of infection in this population. A decrease in sympathetic activity contributes to immunosuppression due to the lower activation of immune cells in the blood. The effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury have not been well described.

High altitude exposure impairs sleep patterns, mood, and cognitive functions.

This work evaluated the importance of sleep on mood and cognition after 24 h of exposure to hypoxia. Ten males, aged 23-30 years, were placed in a normobaric chamber simulating an altitude of 4,500 m. Sleep assessments were conducted from 22:00-6:00; all mood and cognitive assessments were performed 20 min after awakening.

Depot-specific modulation of adipokine levels in rat adipose tissue by diet-induced obesity: the effect of aerobic training and energy restriction.

The present study examined the effects of aerobic training and energy restriction on adipokines levels in mesenteric (MEAT) and retroperitoneal (RPAT) white adipose tissue from obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with standard laboratory diet (Control group) or high fat diet (HFD). After 15 weeks, HFD rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: rats submitted to HFD, which were sedentary (sedentary HFD, n=8) or trained (trained HFD, n=8); or submitted to energy-restriction (ER), which were sedentary (sedentary ER, n=8) or trained (trained ER, n=8).

Visceral fat decreased by long-term interdisciplinary lifestyle therapy correlated positively with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and negatively with adiponectin levels in obese adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of cytokine expression in correlation with visceral and subcutaneous fat in obese adolescents admitted to long-term interdisciplinary weight loss therapy. The study was a longitudinal clinical intervention of interdisciplinary therapy. Adolescents (18, aged 15-19 years) with body mass indexes greater than the 95th percentile were admitted and evaluated at baseline and again after 1 year of interdisciplinary therapy.

Effect of exercise on glutamine metabolism in macrophages of trained rats.

This study investigated the effect of exercise on glutamine metabolism in macrophages of trained rats. Rats were divided into three groups: sedentary (SED); moderately trained (MOD) rats that were swim trained 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks; and exhaustively trained (EXT) rats that were similarly trained as MOD for 5 weeks and, in the 6th week, trained in three 1-h sessions/day with 150 min of rest between sessions. The animals swam with a load equivalent to 5.

Effect of exercise on glutamine synthesis and transport in skeletal muscle from rats.

1. Reductions in plasma glutamine are observed after prolonged exercise. Three hypotheses can explain such a decrease: (i) high demand by the liver and kidney; (ii) impaired release from muscles; and (iii) decreased synthesis in skeletal muscle.

Reduced maximal oxygen consumption and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines in athletes.

Objective: It was the aim of this study to evaluate whether chronic pain in athletes is related to performance, measured by the maximum oxygen consumption and production of hormones and cytokines.

Methods: Fifty-five athletes with a mean age of 31.9 +/- 4.