Disease State Management.

To explore how healthcare management has evolved from managing separate components to disease management. Recent published atricles and the authors' experiences. Not applicable.

Effects of the 2009 USPSTF Depression Screening Recommendation on Diagnosing and Treating Mental Health Conditions in Older Adults: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis.

Background: Depression is a common mental condition in U.S. older adults.

A 15 Year Ecological Comparison for the Market Dynamics of Minnesota Community Pharmacies from 2002 to 2017.

Understanding the factors that influence the market entry, exit, and stability of community pharmacies (i.e., market dynamics) is important for stakeholders ranging from patients to health policymakers and small business owners to large corporate institutions.

Effects of depression screening on diagnosing and treating mood disorders among older adults in office-based primary care outpatient settings: An instrumental variable analysis.

Existing literature shows mixed findings regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of depression screening, and relatively little is known about the effectiveness of depression screening among older adults in primary care visits in the U.S. This study examines the effects of depression screening on the three following outcomes: mood disorder diagnoses, overall antidepressant prescriptions, and potentially inappropriate antidepressant prescriptions among older adults ages 65 or older in office-based outpatient primary care settings.

Pharmacy Students' Attitudes Toward Debt.

Objective: To examine pharmacy students' attitudes toward debt.

Methods: Two hundred thirteen pharmacy students at the University of Minnesota were surveyed using items designed to assess attitudes toward debt. Factor analysis was performed to identify common themes.

Development of an adverse-event coping scale (AECS) using item response theory.

Background: Adverse drug events (ADEs) cause significant morbidity and mortality to patients. A brief questionnaire asking patients how they coped with such problems could be a useful tool for providing timely interventions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop an adverse-event coping scale (AECS) to measure patients' coping responses to their ADE.

Integrating a pharmacist into a home healthcare agency care model: impact on hospitalizations and emergency visits.

Medication regimens can be complicated during the transition from hospital to home for a variety of reasons. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to measure the impact of integrating a pharmacist into a model of care at a Medicare-certified home healthcare agency for clients recently discharged from the hospital. The secondary purpose was to describe the medication-related problems among clients receiving services from the model of care involving a pharmacist.

Market dynamics of community pharmacies in Minnesota, U.S. from 1992 through 2012.

Background: An understanding of community pharmacy market dynamics is important for monitoring access points for pharmacist services.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe (1) changes in pharmacy mix (independent versus chain) between 1992 and 2002 and between 2002 and 2012 for 87 counties in Minnesota (state in U.S.

Effects of anthropomorphic images and narration styles in promotional messages for generic prescription drugs.

Background: Anthropomorphism is attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman objects or events. Marketers have used anthropomorphized characters to promote products and services. To promote use of generic drugs to save on prescription drug costs, health systems are in the process of developing informational materials to influence consumer's perceptions about generic prescription drugs.

PDP or MA-PD? Medicare part D enrollment decisions in CMS Region 25.

Background: The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 provides outpatient prescription drug coverage for Medicare beneficiaries through private insurers. This coverage is available through 2 primary venues: stand-alone prescription drug plans (PDPs) and integrated managed care (or Medicare Advantage) plans that also provide prescription drug coverage (MA-PDs).

Objectives: The first objective was to describe factors associated with Medicare beneficiaries choosing to enroll in any Medicare part D PDP.

Retrospective assessment of Medicaid step-therapy prior authorization policy for atypical antipsychotic medications.

Background: Antipsychotic medications account for more prescription expenditures in Medicaid than any other therapeutic category. This has made them an attractive target for states hoping to curtail rising expenditures.

Objective: The objective of this study was to document the effects of a step-therapy prior authorization (PA) policy for atypical antipsychotic medications on: (1) Medicaid prescription expenditures among all Medicaid beneficiaries and (2) prescription and health service expenditures among patients with schizophrenia.

Third-year pharmacy students' work experience and attitudes and perceptions of the pharmacy profession.

Objectives: To describe PharmD students' work experiences and activities; examine their attitudes towards their work; examine perceptions of preceptor pharmacists they worked with; and determine important issues associated with career preference.

Methods: A written survey was administered to third-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students at 8 colleges and schools of pharmacy in the Midwest.

Results: Five hundred thirty-three students (response rate = 70.

Citizen's preferences regarding principles to guide health-care allocation decisions in Thailand.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which five principles of rationing (lottery, rule of rescue, health maximization, fair innings, and choicism) were preferred by a sample of Thai citizens for selecting patients to receive high-cost therapies.

Methods: A self-administered survey was used for collecting data from a sample of 1000 individuals living in Thailand. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used for describing and validating the data.

Professional implications of the expansion of pharmacy-based medical clinics.

Objective: To describe challenges and opportunities to the profession of pharmacy associated with the emergence of pharmacy-based medical clinics.

Summary: Pharmacy-based medical clinics have emerged as a convenient, low-cost treatment option for many patients. These clinics, which are staffed by physicians' assistants or nurse practitioners, often are located directly within community pharmacies and offer rapid diagnosis and treatment for a limited number of health problems.

Pharmacists' and patients' roles in the pharmacist-patient relationship: are pharmacists and patients reading from the same relationship script?

Background: Pharmacists' professional roles have maturated to include provision of information, education, and pharmaceutical care services. These changes have resulted in a focus on collaborative pharmacist-patient professional relationships, in which pharmacists and patients both have roles and responsibilities.

Objective: The study purpose was to investigate pharmacists' and patients' views of selected pharmacist and patient roles in the pharmacist-patient professional relationship, using principles of role theory.

Provision of risk management and risk assessment information: the role of the pharmacist.

Background: There exists a need to conceptualize and understand the roles that pharmacists serve to help convince others such as patients, prescribers, and payers to value their contributions and to plan for the roles they could serve in the future within the health care system.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (1) describe and track differences in pharmacists' and patients' views about the pharmacist's and physician's role in medication risk management and risk assessment in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, and (2) describe associations between selected demographic variables and reported opinions about the pharmacist's role using data from 2004.

Methods: Brushwood's Risk Management/Risk Assessment Framework was used as a conceptual guide for developing 2 risk management and 2 risk assessment scenarios.

Market dynamics of community pharmacies in Minnesota.

Background: From a pharmacist workforce perspective, an understanding of pharmacy location is important for monitoring access points for pharmacist services such as medication dispensing, medication counseling, medication therapy management, and disease management.

Objective: To understand access to community pharmacies, our goal was to describe changes in pharmacy mix (independent vs chain) between 1992 and 2002 for 87 counties in Minnesota. Study objectives were to describe the association of (1) change in population density, (2) metropolitan designation, change in (3) proportion of nonwhite population, (4) proportion of elderly population, and (5) household income with change in (a) number of community pharmacies overall, (b) number of chain pharmacies, (c) number of independent pharmacies, and (d) the independent-to-total community pharmacy ratio.

The association of consumer cost-sharing and direct-to-consumer advertising with prescription drug use.

Background: Previous research on the impact of various cost-sharing strategies on prescription drug use has not considered the impact of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising.

Objective: To explore the association of cost-containment strategies with prescription drug use and to determine if the association is moderated by DTC prescription drug advertising.

Methods: The study population included 288 280 employees and dependents aged 18 to 65 years with employer-sponsored health insurance contributing to the MEDSTAT MarketScan administrative data set.

Patterns and predictors of prescription medication use in the management of headache: findings from the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

Objective: The primary objectives were to examine national trends of prescription medication use for headache and explore patterns of variation in the use of these medications across social and demographic levels.

Background: Despite widespread use of prescription medication for management of headache, little is known about utilization patterns or patient characteristics associated with receiving this type of treatment.

Methods: This study conducted a secondary analysis of data obtained during the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a representative survey of the U.

Factors associated with intention to use hormone replacement therapy among Thai middle-aged women.

Objectives: To examine the differences among those who express their intentions to use hormone replacement therapy (intenders), those who express their intentions not to use hormone replacement therapy (non-intenders), and those who are undecided, and to examine the factors associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) intention among Thai middle-aged women.

Methods: A total of 420 women aged 40-59 years, recruited from one hospital in Bangkok were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire.

Results: Compared to intenders and non-intenders, the undecided were significantly less knowledgeable about menopause and HRT, and perceived the highest level of decisional uncertainty.

Pharmacists' personal use, professional practice behaviors, and perceptions regarding herbal and other natural products.

Objectives: To characterize pharmacists' personal and family use of, professional practice behaviors regarding, and perceptions of herbal and other natural products (H/NPs), and to ascertain whether these characteristics differ by pharmacists' education, practice setting, and other demographic characteristics.

Design: Descriptive study.

Setting: Minnesota.

Impact of generosity level of outpatient prescription drug coverage on prescription drug events and expenditure among older persons.

Objectives: This study examined the impact of drug coverage generosity on older persons' prescription events (fills) and expenditures.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 6237 older persons from the 1995 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Dependent variables were per capita prescription events and expenditures.