Candidate selection and preclinical evaluation of N-tert-butyl isoquine (GSK369796), an affordable and effective 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial for the 21st century.

N-tert-Butyl isoquine (4) (GSK369796) is a 4-aminoquinoline drug candidate selected and developed as part of a public-private partnership between academics at Liverpool, MMV, and GSK pharmaceuticals. This molecule was rationally designed based on chemical, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic considerations and was selected based on excellent activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodent malaria parasites in vivo. The optimized chemistry delivered this novel synthetic quinoline in a two-step procedure from cheap and readily available starting materials.

Reactivity of cyclic sulfamidates towards phosphonate-stabilised enolates: synthesis and applications of alpha-phosphono lactams.

Five and six ring a-phosphono lactams 14-20 are available by reaction of 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates respectively with enolates derived from ethyl dialkylphosphonoacetates 3 and 4. Subsequent Wadsworth-Emmons olefination provides the enantiomerically pure exo-alkylidene variants e.g.

Reactivity of cyclic sulfamidates towards sulfur-stabilised enolates. Stereocontrolled synthesis of functionalised lactams.

A structurally representative series of 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates react with enolates derived from methyl alpha-phenylthioacetate 9b to give 5- and 6-substituted alpha-phenylthio lactams 20-24. These products provide, via the corresponding sulfoxides, an entry to alpha,beta-unsaturated lactams e.g.

An asymmetric nitro-Mannich reaction applicable to alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic imines.

[reaction: see text] A protocol for the enantioselective nitro-Mannich coupling between alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic p-methoxybenzylimines and trimethylsilylnitropropanate catalyzed by a chiral tBu-BOX Cu(II) catalyst is described. It uses the lowest reported loading of commercially available metal catalyst and chiral ligand, and gives the highest yields and selectivities for a broad substrate range including nonaromatic aldimines. The resultant beta-nitroamines are obtained in 70-94% enantiomeric excess in good yield and can be readily reduced to synthetically useful 1,2-diamines.

Cyclic sulfamidates as vehicles for the synthesis of substituted lactams.

[reaction: see text] A structurally diverse series of mono- and disubstituted 1,2- and 1,3-cyclic sulfamidates react with stabilized enolates, including malonate and phosphonoacetate variants, to provide, after lactamization, substituted and alpha-functionalized pyrrolidinone and piperidinone derivatives.

1,2-cyclic sulfamidates as versatile precursors to thiomorpholines and piperazines.

[reaction: see text] 1,2-Cyclic sulfamidates undergo regiospecific nucleophilic displacement with either methyl thioglycolate or alpha-amino esters, followed by lactamization (thermal, base-mediated, or cyanide-catalyzed), to give thiomorpholin-3-ones and piperazin-2-ones.