Economic value of narrow-band imaging versus white light endoscopy for the diagnosis and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus: Cost-consequence model.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an abnormality arising from gastroesophageal reflux disease that can progressively evolve into a sequence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Progression of Barrett's esophagus into dysplasia is monitored with endoscopic surveillance. The current surveillance standard requests random biopsies plus targeted biopsies of suspicious lesions under white-light endoscopy, known as the Seattle protocol.

Economic value of narrow band imaging versus white light endoscopy for the characterization of diminutive polyps in the colon: systematic literature review and cost-consequence model.

Aims: To demonstrate the economic implication of adopting narrow-band imaging (NBI) for the characterization of diminutive polyps in the colon from an English payer perspective.

Materials And Methods: A decision-tree model was undertaken to perform a cost-consequence and budget impact analysis from the NHS England perspective in the UK, over a 7-year time horizon. Clinical inputs came from the published literature (both randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses) identified through a systematic literature review, and cost inputs came from national list prices and unpublished internal market data.

Functional compensation of primary and secondary metabolites by duplicate genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.

It is well known that knocking out a gene in an organism often causes no phenotypic effect. One possible explanation is the existence of duplicate genes; that is, the effect of knocking out a gene is compensated by a duplicate copy. Another explanation is the existence of alternative pathways.

Toward genome-wide metabolotyping and elucidation of metabolic system: metabolic profiling of large-scale bioresources.

An improvement in plant production is increasingly important for a sustainable human society. For this purpose, understanding the mechanism of plant production, that is, the plant metabolic system, is an immediate necessity. After the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, it has become possible to obtain a bird's eye view of its metabolism by means of omics such as transcriptomics and proteomics.