Microbial inactivation kinetics in soymilk during continuous flow high-pressure throttling.

The thermal resistance of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 ATCC 7955 was determined in soymilk (pH 7) and 0.1% peptone water (pH 7) by the capillary tube method. In the continuous flow high-pressure throttling, the temperature of soymilk increased due to instantaneous pressure release and the additional heat was supplied by a heat exchanger to achieve the set temperature.

Supercritical fluid extraction of limonoid glucosides from grapefruit molasses.

Limonoid glucosides (primarily limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, LG) were extracted from grapefruit molasses by supercritical fluid extraction using a supercritical carbon dioxide-ethanol (SC CO(2)-ethanol) system. Extraction conditions to maximize the yield of LG were determined by varying pressure, temperature, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The highest yield of LG at 0.

Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid.

Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined.

Microbiological Examination of Pasteurized, Deaerated Human Milk.

Three composites of human milk samples were subjected to different processing conditions: (1) deaerated, vacuum packaged in metalized polyester bags and pasteurized at 56°C for 8 min; (2) vacuum packaged and pasteurized; (3) vacuum packaged. On days 0, 4, 7, 14, 28, 64, and 96 of storage, each treatment was analyzed for dissolved oxygen content and viable microflora. On days 0, 4, and 14, randomly selected isolates from each treatment were identified to the species level.

Thermal Destruction of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Human Milk.

A continuous flow high-temperature short-time pasteurization system was used to determine kinetic parameters (D- and z-values) for thermal destruction of the bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , in mature human milk. D-and z-alues of each bacterium were determined from data on survivors enumerated on both selective media, Violet Red Bile agar or MacConkey's, and on a non-selective medium, nutrient agar (NA). For E.

Thermal Destruction of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Milk.

Rates of thermal destruction of Staphylococcus aureus were determined in mature human milk using a continuous flow high-temperature short-time pasteurization system. D and z values for inactiviation of S. aureus were determined from data on survivors capable of forming colonies in an appropriate selective medium.

IgA, IgG, IgM and Lactoferrin Contents of Human Milk During Early Lactation and the Effect of Processing and Storage.

The total IgA, IgG, IgM and lactoferrin concentrations in human milk from 89 donors were studied at three lactational stages: early transitional (3 to 8 d postpartum), transitional (10 to 14 d postpartum) and mature (30 to 47 d postpartum). The effects of processing and storage on these components in composite samples of mature human milk were determined. There were no significant diurnal variations in any of the four protective factors at either the transitional or mature stages.