Sound-based assembly of three-dimensional cellularized and acellularized constructs.

Herein we show an accessible technique based on Faraday waves that assist the rapid assembly of osteoinductive β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) particles as well as human osteoblast pre-assembled in spheroids. The hydrodynamic forces originating at 'seabed' of the assembly chamber can be used to tightly aggregate inorganic and biological entities at packing densities that resemble those of native tissues. Additionally, following a layer-by-layer assembly procedure, centimeter scaled osteoinductive three-dimensional and cellularized constructs have been fabricated.