Tracheal Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Tracheal Cartilaginous Sleeve in Patients with Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of ultrasound (US) imaging for diagnosis of abnormal tracheal morphology, such as tracheal cartilaginous sleeves (TCS), in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis (SC).

Study Design: Age-matched cohort study.

Setting: Tertiary pediatric hospital.

High sensitivity methods for automated rib fracture detection in pediatric radiographs.

Rib fractures are highly predictive of non-accidental trauma in children under 3 years old. Rib fracture detection in pediatric radiographs is challenging because fractures can be obliquely oriented to the imaging detector, obfuscated by other structures, incomplete, and non-displaced. Prior studies have shown up to two-thirds of rib fractures may be missed during initial interpretation.

Incidental findings in cone beam computed tomography volumes: Calcified head-and-neck atheromas detected during dental evaluation.

Purpose: Atheromas can be detected incidentally in routine dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. This study aims to assess prevalence and risk factors associated with these vascular lesions.

Materials And Methods: The maxillofacial CBCTs of 458 subjects were evaluated and divided into 4 groups based on the presence of calcified atheroma: subjects with no calcified atheroma, subjects with intracranial calcified atheroma (ICA), subjects with extracranial calcified atheroma (ECA), and subjects exhibiting combined lesions.

Isolated Right Common Carotid Artery Arising from the Right Pulmonary Artery.

Isolated aortic arch vessels arising anomalously from the pulmonary arterial system are rare congenital anomalies. Case reports of isolated arch vessels are often associated with 22q11 deletion, CHARGE syndrome, or right aortic arch. Isolation of the carotid artery may lead to cerebral steal phenomenon and ischemia or to pulmonary overcirculation.

A unique cardiovascular presentation of Marfan syndrome.

We report a neonate with severe Marfan syndrome (MS), prenatally identified to have persistent atrial tachycardia, biventricular dysfunction, and an unusual structure within the atria. Detailed postnatal echocardiographic evaluation and cross-sectional imaging confirmed congenital pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa. Emergent testing by next-generation sequencing identified a FBN1 pathological variant, key to establishing goals of care.

Magnetic resonance imaging of children following esophageal button battery removal: What are we looking for?

Despite society recommendations that cross-sectional imaging be obtained following removal of ingested button batteries, there is no published consensus on how it effectively guides clinical management. This single institution survey demonstrates a lack of uniformity by clinicians regarding which imaging findings impact management decisions, highlighting the need for further guidelines.

Pearls and Pitfalls of Thoracic Manifestations of Abuse in Children.

Child abuse is a broad term that includes, but is not limited to, physical or emotional harm, neglect, sexual abuse, and exploitation. In 2018 in the United States, there were nearly 700,000 victims of such maltreatment, of which 1700 children died. The majority of deaths occur in infants and toddlers under 3 years of age.

Computed tomography of pulmonary veins: review of congenital and acquired pathologies.

Newer-generation CT scanners with ultrawide detectors or dual sources offer millisecond image acquisition times and significantly decreased radiation doses compared to historical cardiac CT and CT angiography. This technology is capable of nearly freezing cardiac and respiratory motion. As a result, CT is increasingly used for diagnosing and monitoring cardiac and vascular abnormalities in the pediatric population.

Accuracy and Reliability of 4D-CT and Flexible Laryngoscopy in Upper Airway Evaluation in Robin Sequence.

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of 4-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) in assessing upper airway obstruction (UAO) in patients with Robin sequence (RS) and compare the accuracy and reliability of 4D-CT and flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy (FFL).

Study Design: Prospective survey of retrospective clinical data.

Setting: Single, tertiary care pediatric hospital.

The current and future roles of artificial intelligence in pediatric radiology.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad and complicated concept that has begun to affect many areas of medicine, perhaps none so much as radiology. While pediatric radiology has been less affected than other radiology subspecialties, there are some well-developed and some nascent applications within the field. This review focuses on the use of AI within pediatric radiology for image interpretation, with descriptive summaries of the literature to date.

Pediatric radiologic manifestations of COVID-19.

Purpose: While full description of pediatric COVID-19 manifestations is evolving, children appear to present less frequently, and often display a less severe disease phenotype. There is correspondingly less data regarding pediatric radiologic findings. To describe the imaging findings of pediatric COVID-19, we evaluated the radiologic imaging of the initial patient cohort identified at our institution.

Severe COVID-19 initially presenting as mesenteric adenopathy.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can present with abdominal pain in children and adults. Most imaging findings have been limited to characteristic lung findings, as well as one report of bowel-ischemia-related findings in adults. We report a case of COVID-19 in a healthy teenager who initially presented with isolated mesenteric adenopathy, typically a self-limited illness, which progressed to severe illness requiring intensive care before complete recovery.

Optimization of Pediatric Body CT Angiography: What Radiologists Need to Know.

Pediatric CT angiography (CTA) presents unique challenges compared with adult CTA. Because of the ionizing radiation exposure, CTA should be used judiciously in children. The pearls offered here are observations gleaned from the authors' experience in the use of pediatric CTA.

Accuracy and Efficiency of a Dynamic Navigation System for Locating Calcified Canals.

Introduction: Calcified canals present a challenge during endodontic treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and efficiency of a dynamic navigation system (DNS) to the freehand (FH) method for locating calcified canals in human teeth.

Methods: Sixty human single-rooted teeth with canal obliteration were selected and mounted in dry cadaver jaws.

Imaging Assessment of Complications from Transplantation from Pediatric to Adult Patients: Part 2: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an intravenous transfusion of pluripotent stem cells to repopulate the marrow and restore immunocompetence. However, before transplantation, the patient undergoes a conditioning regimen to eradicate the underlying disease, subsequently resulting in an immunocompromised state. Serious and some life-threatening complications involving any organ can occur.

Imaging Assessment of Complications from Transplantation from Pediatric to Adult Patients: Part 1: Solid Organ Transplantation.

End-stage organ failure is commonly treated with transplantation of the respective failing organ. Although outcomes have progressively improved over the decades, early and late complications do occur, and are often diagnosed by imaging. Given the increasing survival rates of transplant patients, the general radiologist may encounter these patients in the outpatient setting.

Applications of Pediatric Body CT Angiography: What Radiologists Need to Know.

Pediatric CT angiography (CTA) can be useful for assessing numerous congenital and acquired disorders. This article discusses common pediatric applications of thoracoabdominal CTA, including for congenital pulmonary airway malformation, sequestration, vascular rings, aortic coarctation, pulmonary embolism, nontraumatic hemorrhage, abdominal transplant evaluation, and several vascular disorders, and highlights key clinical and imaging features. With appropriate use, CTA can play a fundamental role in diagnostic and preprocedural assessment in a variety of pediatric conditions.

The continuous lure of pediatric radiology.

Pediatric radiology is an immensely rewarding career choice. Eight pediatric radiologists, enthusiastic for their profession, were asked six questions about their career choice. Their responses illustrate the common virtues of pediatric radiology and also demonstrate the diverse paths and activities that pediatric radiologists take and pursue.

Opioid-prescribing Habits of Practitioner and Educator Members of the American Association of Endodontists: Report of a National Survey.

Dentists and physicians alike often prescribe opioids for dental pain management. The purpose of this study was to identify the common practices among United States endodontists for prescribing opioids to their patients. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was developed to query 1000 American Association of Endodontists members from all 7 districts in the United States.

Diagnostic performance of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v2017 in predicting malignant liver lesions in pediatric patients: a preliminary study.

Background: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) has standardized the evaluation of hepatic lesions in adults at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is no accepted imaging algorithm for diagnosing HCC in the pediatric population.

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater reliability of LI-RADS version 2017 (v2017) for diagnosing HCC in a pediatric cohort.

Accuracy of Dynamic Virtual Articulation: Trueness and Precision.

Purpose: To study the effects of altering condylar settings and pin openings on the trueness and precision of virtual articulators vs. mechanical articulators.

Materials And Methods: Maxillary and mandibular typodonts with fiducial markers were mounted on a mechanical Artex-CR articulator, and the mandibular teeth were prepared to allow guidance solely by the posterior determinants of the articulator and the incisal table.

Anomalous Origin of Left Pulmonary Artery From the Aorta: A Rare Entity in Congenital Heart Disease.

Anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery (ALPA) from the aorta is a rare form of congenital heart disease, leading to long-term morbidity if not treated early. There is a reported association of this anomaly with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome. Surgical repair is commonly performed by direct reimplantation to the main pulmonary artery with or without patch or flap techniques.