Cancer Stem Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

The first discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in leukaemia triggered active research on stemness in neoplastic tissues. CSCs represent a subpopulation of malignant cells, defined by unique properties: a dedifferentiated state, self-renewal, pluripotency, an inherent resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy, the presence of certain epigenetic alterations, as well as a higher tumorigenicity in comparison with the general population of cancer cells. A combination of these features highlights CSCs as a high-priority target during cancer treatment.

The Main Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a complex disease, which is defined by abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It affects about 10% of women of reproductive age all over the world. Endometriosis causes symptoms that notably worsen patient's well-being-such as severe pelvic pain, dysfunction of the organs of pelvic cavity, infertility and secondary mental issues.

Immunohistochemical Profile of Parathyroid Tumours: A Comprehensive Review.

Immunohistochemistry remains an indispensable tool in diagnostic surgical pathology. In parathyroid tumours, it has four main applications: to detect (1) loss of parafibromin; (2) other manifestations of an aberrant immunophenotype hinting towards carcinoma; (3) histogenesis of a neck mass and (4) pathogenetic events, including features of tumour microenvironment and immune landscape. Parafibromin stain is mandatory to identify the new entity of parafibromin-deficient parathyroid neoplasm, defined in the WHO classification (2022).

Non-Aziridination Approaches to 3-Arylaziridine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives and 3-Aryl-(aziridin-2-yl)ketones.

Highly functionalized aziridines, including compounds with aromatic moieties, are attractive substrates both in synthetic and medical areas of chemistry. There is a broad and interesting set of synthetic methods for reaching these compounds. Aziridination represents the most explored tool, but there are several other more specific, less well-known, but highly promising approaches.

An Easy Route to Aziridine Ketones and Carbinols.

-Dimethylaziridine-2-carboxamides react with organolithium reagents yielding 2-aziridinylketones. The reaction with one equivalent of organolithium compound is selective to amide carbonyl at a low (-78 °C) temperature. These ketones, in reaction with organolithium reagents, give symmetrical and unsymmetrical aziridinyl carbinols.

Molecular profile of parathyroid tissues and tumours: a heterogeneous landscape.

Advances in laboratory diagnostics and surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism have ensured solid basis for research in parathyroid pathology in order to specify key molecules in pathogenesis and morphological diagnostics of difficult cases. The aim of this study was to assess the molecular landscape and its heterogeneity in primary parathyroid hyperplasia (PPH) and adenoma, compared to carcinoma and normal glands. In a retrospective analysis of 179 surgically removed parathyroid glands (102 adenomas; 27 PPH; 45 normal glands; 5 carcinomas), expression of Ki-67, p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 protein, vimentin, cytokeratin (CK) 19, E-cadherin, CD56, CD44 and parafibromin was detected by immunohistochemistry, followed by computer-assisted assessment of mean values and heterogeneity measures.

3-Arylaziridine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives and (3-Arylaziridin-2-yl)ketones: The Aziridination Approaches.

Aziridination reactions represent a powerful tool in aziridine synthesis. Significant progress has been achieved in this field in the last decades, whereas highly functionalized aziridines including 3-arylated aziridine-2-carbonyl compounds play an important role in both medical and synthetic chemistry. For the reasons listed, in the current review we have focused on the ways to obtain 3-arylated aziridines and on the recent advances (mainly since the year 2000) in the methodology of the synthesis of these compounds via aziridination.

Cancer Stem Cells: Significance in Origin, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Glioblastoma.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), known also as tumor-initiating cells, are quiescent, pluripotent, self-renewing neoplastic cells that were first identified in hematologic tumors and soon after in solid malignancies. CSCs have attracted remarkable research interest due to their role in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment as well as recurrence. Extensive research has been devoted to the role of CSCs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, which is characterized by a dismal prognosis because of its aggressive course and poor response to treatment.