Enterovirus 71-Associated Infection in South Vietnam: Vaccination Is a Real Solution.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is the most common enteroviral infection in South-East Asia. When evaluating the role of enterovirus 71 (EVA71) as an etiological agent of infectious disease in South Vietnam, we revealed a high proportion of EVA71 among identified species A enteroviruses found in 3542 samples from HFMD cases; 125 samples from cases of enteroviral meningitis; and 130 samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. These represent 50%, 54.

Cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated with Coxsackievirus A2: Findings of a 20-Year Surveillance in the Russian Federation.

Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis syndrome (AFP) in children under 15 is the backbone of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Laboratory examination of stool samples from AFP cases allows the detection of, along with polioviruses, a variety of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV). The etiological significance of these viruses in the occurrence of AFP cases has been definitively established only for enteroviruses A71 and D68.

[Risk of introduction and spread of polioviruses in closed-type child-care facilities].

Aim: Compare frequency of isolation of polioviruses in children living in closed-type facilities (orphanages) before and after the change in poliomyelitis vaccination scheme.

Materials And Methods: Feces samples of 207 children from 5 orphanages during immunization with oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) and of 259 children from 4 orphanages during vaccination with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) were studied. Isolation and identification of polioviruses was carried out according to WHO recommendations.

[Group enterovirus infection due to coxsackievirus A16 in Northwestern Russia].

Aim: Study features of epidemic process and etiology of oral cavity and limb enterovirus exanthema group diseases in a number of territories of Northwestern Russia.

Materials And Methods: Isolation and identification of non-poliomyelitis enteroviruses from material of patients was carried out according to WHO recommendations. Phenotyping and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses was carried out.

[The role of epidemiologic surveillance of migrants in the system of poliomyelitis control].

Aim: Analysis of results of virological study of material from children of migrants and evaluation of intensity of immunity against polioviruses in these children.

Materials And Methods: 1668 feces samples from patients with acute flaccid paralysis and contact individuals and 479 feces samples from healthy children from families of migrants, as well as 1012 blood sera of children aged 3 - 4 and 14 - 15 years living in the same territory of Russia, and 169 blood sera of children of migrants were studied. Polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses were isolated by standard procedures recommended by WHO in 3 cell cultures - RD, L20B and Hep-2.

[Immunity to polioviruses in children population of various territories of the Russian Federation].

Aim: Analyze the state of population immunity to polioviruses in children population of 14 administrative territories of the Russian Federation.

Materials And Methods: Antibody titers against reference vaccine poliovirus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were determined by using neutralization reaction in cell culture Hep-2.

Results: Several years after the termination of conduction of National immunizations days the percent of seronegative children was shown to increase, especially to poliovirus serotype 3, in most of the territories.

[Control of poliomyelitis and enterovirus infection in several areas of Russian Federation].

Aim: Control of poliovirus circulation by study of material from patients with acute flaccid paralysis and contact individuals, from children of risk groups; molecular characteristics of isolated polioviruses; monitoring of circulation of polioviruses and nonpoliomyelitis enteroviruses in population and the environment.

Materials And Methods: Isolation and study of polioviruses and nonpoliomyelitis enteroviruses from various sources was performed in accordance with WHO recommendations.

Results: Prolonged persistence and circulation of vaccine related strains of polioviruses in children is demonstrated.

[Characterization of vaccine polioviruses isolated in the closed pediatric collective bodies (children's homes)].

Examination of 281 healthy vaccinees from 6 children's homes could isolate 37 vaccine polioviruses. The detection rate for polioviruses in the children's homes, in which there were children born to HIV-positive mothers, was significantly higher than that in other children's homes. These children's homes showed the longest poliovirus excretion after vaccination.

Use of a multiple restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses in clinical samples.

Since the announcement of the WHO program for the global eradication of poliomyelitis and the establishment of epidemiological and virological surveillance, the emergence and circulation of pathogenic vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) presenting >1% nucleotide divergence from the sequence of the original vaccine strain have been demonstrated in certain regions. We developed and used a multiple restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to investigate the frequency of these VDPV in a population with a high level of oral poliovirus vaccine coverage in northwestern Russia. Modified RFLP profiles were found to be strongly correlated with the presence of mutations and recombination events in vaccine strains.

Spread of vaccine-derived poliovirus from a paralytic case in an immunodeficient child: an insight into the natural evolution of oral polio vaccine.

Sabin strains used in the manufacture of oral polio vaccine (OPV) replicate in the human organism and can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses. The increased neurovirulence of vaccine derivatives has been known since the beginning of OPV use, but their ability to establish circulation in communities has been recognized only recently during the latest stages of the polio eradication campaign. This important observation called for studies of their emergence and evolution as well as extensive surveillance to determine the scope of this phenomenon.

Genomic features of intertypic recombinant sabin poliovirus strains excreted by primary vaccinees.

The trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) contains three different poliovirus serotypes. It use therefore creates particularly favorable conditions for mixed infection of gut cells, and indeed intertypic vaccine-derived recombinants (VdRec) have been frequently found in patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Nevertheless, there have not been extensive searches for VdRec in healthy vaccinees following immunization with OPV.

[The biological characteristics of Shigella flexneri strains circulating in Saint Petersburg in 1992-1994].

S.flexneri 2a strains isolated in 1992-1994 from 371 patients in sporadic cases, from 90 patients and their contacts in cases of group diseases and from 71 lethal cases of Flexner's dysentery, were studied in comparison with strains isolated in 1980s. The study revealed the biological heterogeneity of S.

[The epidemiological characteristics of Sonne and Flexner dysentery in St. Petersburg in 1953-1994].

In connection with the growth of mortality in Flexner's dysentery observed since 1991 and a rise in morbidity in this infection since 1993 the data on the registered cases of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei infections in St. Petersburg for the period of 1953-1994 were analyzed. In the 60-80s the specific features of the epidemic process was determined by S.

[Interrelation of the enterotoxigenic properties and the antigenic structure of Escherichia].

The enzymatic signs and serological characteristics of Escherichia enterotoxigenic strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal diseases and from healthy persons were studied. The cultures were subdivided into 24 enzymatic variants and classified with 48 serogroups and 61 serovars. The enterotoxigenic properties of the strains were compared with their serological characteristics and enzymatic signs.

[Biological properties of enterotoxigenic Escherichia isolated from patients with acute intestinal diseases of unknown etiology].

As the result of the comparative examination of adult patients with acute enteric diseases and normal adults, 173 E. coli enterotoxigenic strains were isolated (161 strains from the patients and 12 strains from normal persons). 83% of the isolated enterotoxigenic E.

[Use of stationary-growth broth cultures for obtaining Escherichia enterotoxins. II. Study of Escherichia preparations isolated from diarrhea patients].

The preparation, simple in manufacture and consisting of the supernatant fluid (SF) of 48-hour cultures grown in flasks with Hottinger's broth without shaking, was shown to be suitable for the detection of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in diarrhea patients. SF of the cultures of 1206 E.

[Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia in patients with diarrhea of undetermined etiology using experimental models].

Feces from 249 adult patients hospitalized due to diarrhea of unknown etiology were investigated. In 65.5% of the patients enterotoxic E.

[Mechanism of action of secretory IgA antibodies].

The antiadsorptive capacity of secretory IgA to Sh. sonnei was revealed in experiments with Shigella keratoconjunctivitis used as a model. In patients with dysentery caused by Sh.