Typhimurium uses the Cpx stress response to detect -chlorotaurine and promote the repair of oxidized proteins.

The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria constitutes the first protective barrier between a cell and its environment. During host infection, the bacterial envelope is subjected to several stresses, including those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) produced by immune cells. Among RCS, chlorotaurine (ChT), which results from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and taurine, is a powerful and less diffusible oxidant.

HprSR Is a Reactive Chlorine Species-Sensing, Two-Component System in Escherichia coli.

Two-component systems (TCS) are signaling pathways that allow bacterial cells to sense, respond to, and adapt to fluctuating environments. Among the classical TCS of Escherichia coli, HprSR has recently been shown to be involved in the regulation of , which encodes the periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase system. In this study, we demonstrated that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) induces the expression of in an HprSR-dependent manner, whereas HO, NO, and paraquat (a superoxide generator) do not.

Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immunodeficiency virus-RNA-positive blood donations, France.

Human pegivirus (HPgV, formerly GBV-C) is a member of the genus Pegivirus, family Flaviviridae. Despite its identification more than 20 years ago, both natural history and distribution of this viral group in human hosts remain under exploration. Analysis of HPgV genomes characterized up to now points out the scarcity of French pegivirus sequences in databases.

Evidence for two phylogenetic clusters within hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 inferred from analysis of complete coding sequences of 15 HCV strains.

The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the evolution and classification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by assessing the subtype distribution of 273 genotype 2 strains isolated from French blood donors from 1990 to 2010 and by determining complete coding sequences in subtype 2 strains. These classified into 7 of the established subtypes and into 15 additional lineages not yet assigned to a known subtype. Phylogenetic tree construction showed two well-supported clusters.