Effect of cigarette smoking on subgingival bacteria in healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis.

Background: Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of periodontal destruction and developing chronic periodontitis (CP). It is also reported to affect the subgingival bacterial profile among CP patients. However, studies on the effect of smoking on the bacterial profile among healthy subjects are still limited.

Furcation entrance dimensions of the first and second mandibular molars among Jordanians.

Purpose: The complexity of molar furcation areas provides a challenge for periodontal treatment that leads to more tooth loss when compared to other tooth types. Furcation entrance dimension (FED) of molar teeth affects treatment outcomes and prognosis considerably. The aim of the present study was to determine the FED in first and second mandibular molars among Jordanian adults and to assess the relationship to gender.