Epidemiology of Work-Related Traumatic Brain Injury and COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Consequences: Experience in a Reference Center in Chile.

Introduction: Work-related traumatic brain injury is a frequent cause of chronic morbidity, mortality, and high treatment costs. Its causes are highly environmentally determined and were affected by COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns.

Objective: We aimed to describe traumatic brain injury (TBI) epidemiology in working population and evaluate its modifications during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Bangor Gambling Task: Computerized replication and reappraisal of an emotion-based decision task.

Emotion-based decision making (EBDM) is the capacity to make decisions based on prior emotional consequences of actions. Several neuropsychological tasks, using different gambling paradigms and with different levels of complexity, have been designed to assess EBDM. The Bangor Gambling Task (BGT) was created as a brief and simple card gambling-task to assess EBDM.

The ascending arousal system promotes optimal performance through mesoscale network integration in a visuospatial attentional task.

Previous research has shown that the autonomic nervous system provides essential constraints over ongoing cognitive function. However, there is currently a relative lack of direct empirical evidence for how this interaction manifests in the brain at the macroscale level. Here, we examine the role of ascending arousal and attentional load on large-scale network dynamics by combining pupillometry, functional MRI, and graph theoretical analysis to analyze data from a visual motion-tracking task with a parametric load manipulation.

Social isolation after acquired brain injury: Exploring the relationship between network size, functional support, loneliness and mental health.

Social isolation can be a consequence of acquired brain injury (ABI). Few studies have examined the relationship between social isolation and mental health after ABI. In this cross-sectional and case-control study, we compared 51 ABI survivors and 51 matched healthy controls on measures of social isolation (network size, social support and loneliness) mental health and mental health problems.

Nasal respiration entrains neocortical long-range gamma coherence during wakefulness.

Recent studies have shown that slow cortical potentials in archi-, paleo- and neocortex can phase-lock with nasal respiration. In some of these areas, gamma activity (γ: 30-100 Hz) is also coupled to the animal's respiration. It has been hypothesized that these functional relationships play a role in coordinating distributed neural activity.

A pupil size, eye-tracking and neuropsychological dataset from ADHD children during a cognitive task.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed based on observed behavioral outcomes alone. Given that some brain attentional networks involve circuits that control the eye pupil, we monitored pupil size in ADHD- diagnosed children and also in control children during a visuospatial working memory task. We present here the full dataset, consisting of pupil size time series for each trial and subject.

Reduced delta-band modulation underlies the loss of P300 responses in disorders of consciousness.

Objective: The P300 component of a sensory event-related potential is one of the major electrophysiological markers used to explore remnants of cognitive function in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, measuring the P300 in patients is complicated by significant inter-trial variability commonly observed in levels of arousal and awareness. To overcome this limitation, we analyzed single-trial modulation of power in the delta and theta frequency bands, which underlie the P300.

Local cortical activity of distant brain areas can phase-lock to the olfactory bulb's respiratory rhythm in the freely behaving rat.

An important unresolved question about neural processing is the mechanism by which distant brain areas coordinate their activities and relate their local processing to global neural events. A potential candidate for the local-global integration are slow rhythms such as respiration. In this study, we asked if there are modulations of local cortical processing that are phase-locked to (peripheral) sensory-motor exploratory rhythms.

Power and coherence of cortical high-frequency oscillations during wakefulness and sleep.

Recently, a novel type of fast cortical oscillatory activity that occurs between 110 and 160 Hz (high-frequency oscillations (HFO)) was described. HFO are modulated by the theta rhythm in hippocampus and neocortex during active wakefulness and REM sleep. As theta-HFO coupling increases during REM, a role for HFO in memory consolidation has been proposed.

Pupil Size Tracks Attentional Performance In Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis is based on reported symptoms, which carries the potential risk of over- or under-diagnosis. A biological marker that helps to objectively define the disorder, providing information about its pathophysiology, is needed. A promising marker of cognitive states in humans is pupil size, which reflects the activity of an 'arousal' network, related to the norepinephrine system.

The olfactory bulb theta rhythm follows all frequencies of diaphragmatic respiration in the freely behaving rat.

Sensory-motor relationships are part of the normal operation of sensory systems. Sensing occurs in the context of active sensor movement, which in turn influences sensory processing. We address such a process in the rat olfactory system.

Coordinated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation by translocation and phosphorylation determines flow-induced nitric oxide production in resistance vessels.

Background/aims: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is associated with caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in plasma membrane. We tested the hypothesis that eNOS activation by shear stress in resistance vessels depends on synchronized phosphorylation, dissociation from Cav-1 and translocation of the membrane-bound enzyme to Golgi and cytosol.

Methods: In isolated, perfused rat arterial mesenteric beds, we evaluated the effect of changes in flow rate (2-10 ml/min) on nitric oxide (NO) production, eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177, eNOS subcellular distribution and co-immunoprecipitation with Cav-1, in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+).

Interplay between sniffing and odorant sorptive properties in the rat.

For decades it has been known that the olfactory sensory epithelium can act like a chromatograph, separating odorants based on their air-mucus sorptive properties (Mozell and Jagodowicz, 1973). It has been hypothesized that animals could take advantage of this property, modulating sniffing behavior to manipulate airflow and thereby directing odorant molecules to the portions of the olfactory epithelium where they are best detected (Schoenfeld and Cleland, 2005). We report here a test of this hypothesis in behaving rats, monitoring respiratory activity through diaphragm electromyogram, which allowed us to estimate nasal airflow.

Rat behavior in go/no-go and two-alternative choice odor discrimination: differences and similarities.

To elucidate the cognitive structures of animals, neuroscientists use several behavioral tasks. Therefore, it is imperative to have a firm understanding of each task's behavioral parameters in order to parse out possible task effects. We compare two operant discrimination tasks (Go/No-Go: GNG; Two-Alternative Choice: TAC) that are commonly used in olfactory research.

Olfactory oscillations: the what, how and what for.

Olfactory system oscillations play out with beautiful temporal and behavioral regularity on the oscilloscope and seem to scream 'meaning'. Always there is the fear that, although attractive, these symbols of dynamic regularity might be just seductive epiphenomena. There are now many studies that have isolated some of the neural mechanisms involved in these oscillations, and recent work argues that they are functional and even necessary at the physiological and cognitive levels.

Olfactory system gamma oscillations: the physiological dissection of a cognitive neural system.

Oscillatory phenomena have been a focus of dynamical systems research since the time of the classical studies on the pendulum by Galileo. Fast cortical oscillations also have a long and storied history in neurophysiology, and olfactory oscillations have led the way with a depth of explanation not present in the literature of most other cortical systems. From the earliest studies of odor-evoked oscillations by Adrian, many reports have focused on mechanisms and functional associations of these oscillations, in particular for the so-called gamma oscillations.