A review of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with ships: evidence for risk management.

Objective: The organization of water supply to and on ships differs considerably from that of water supply on land. Risks of contamination can arise from source water at the port or during loading, storage, or distribution on the ship. The purpose of this article is to review documented outbreaks of waterborne diseases associated with passenger, cargo, fishing, and naval ships to identify contributing factors so that similar outbreaks can be prevented in the future.

A review of outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with passenger ships: evidence for risk management.

Objective: Foodborne disease outbreaks on ships are of concern because of their potentially serious health consequences for passengers and crew and high costs to the industry. The authors conducted a review of outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with passenger ships in the framework of a World Health Organization project on setting guidelines for ship sanitation.

Methods: The authors reviewed data on 50 outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with passenger ships.