Does education of primary care professionals promote patient self-management and improve outcomes in chronic disease? An updated systematic review.

Background: Primary care has a vital role in supporting patient autonomy to enable people with long-term conditions to manage their own health and wellness. Evidence is needed on whether education and training of health professionals helps support patient self-management and improves outcomes. The authors' first systematic review included only two articles showing patient outcomes following health professional training for promoting patient self-management.

Associations of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes: results from the Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study.

Background: Maternal caffeine intake is associated with adverse birth outcomes, but in most studies the primary caffeine source is coffee; the influence of tea caffeine remains unclear.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the association between maternal caffeine intake and birth outcomes in a population with tea as the predominant caffeine source.

Design: Data from 941 Irish mother-child pairs of the Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study were examined.