Dietary counselling to reduce moderate sodium intake: effects on cardiovascular and renal biomarkers: primary findings of the COSIP and STICK phase II feasibility randomised controlled trials.

Background: While low sodium intake (<2.3 g/day) is recommended, there is uncertainty about long-term feasibility and effects on cardiorenal biomarkers in populations with moderate intake.

Methods: In two phase IIb, feasibility, randomised, parallel, open-label, controlled, single-centre trials, individuals aged >40 years with stable blood pressure (BP), without heart failure or postural hypotension were randomised to intensive dietary counselling (target sodium intake <2.

Clarifying Optimal Sodium InTake In Cardiovasular and Kidney (COSTICK) Diseases: a study protocol for two randomised controlled trials.

While low sodium intake (<2.3g/day) is recommended for all, there is uncertainty about feasibility and net cardiovascular effects. In COSTICK, we evaluated the effects of a dietary counselling intervention (reduced sodium intake) on intermediate cardiorenal outcomes in patients with (STICK) and without (COSIP) mild/moderate kidney disease.